South Australia - Sport

Cycling

An Essay on Velocipedes and Bicycles

Register

By the close of the 1860s a new invention in the form of velocipedes attracted the attention of all South Australians, and before long the streets were alive with these "strange-shaped carriages", for the temptation to spend a few pounds to purchase the means of travelling at the rate of ten miles an hour was too strong to be resisted. The sight of a "skeleton-like" vehicle consisting of two wheels and little or nothing else was soon to be a common-place scene.

The velocipede was by no means a recent invention for it had its origins in the 1770s when a crude vehicle was made with sitting-room for one or two persons, and consisting of a fore and aft wheel connected by a pole. The driver sat somewhere on this pole and obtained forward motion by striking his feet upon the ground.

Understandably, it was a "nine days' wonder" and it was not until the early 1800s that another machine appeared consisting of two wheels five or six feet in diameter, between which the rider was mounted. Shortly thereafter this was replaced by a perambulator with three wheels - one in front and two behind. The rider sat upon the axle-board connecting the two back wheels, his feet supported by stirrups, to which were attached stilts so made that by striking them on the ground motion was given to the machine.

"This process of locomotion must have been nearly as unsatisfactory as that of the Irishman, who, after being hustled along for several miles in a sedan chair minus the bottom declared that but for the honour of the thing he would just as soon have walked."

About 1818 William Clarkson in England sought patent protection of his plan for constructing velocipedes but due to a fire in the Patents Office in 1836 the model upon which he based his claim was lost to posterity. In France a "bold attempt" was made to turn the velocipede to "practical account" and mounted upon them country postmen delivered their mails expeditiously but winter, and its accompanying snow storms, caused them to be laid up for long periods.

As the years passed by endless experiments were made with bicycles, tricycles and quadricycles the fatal error in their construction being their ultimate clumsiness "which no one with any respect for his limbs would think of handling."

The machine of the 1830s, although resembling that which appeared on the streets of Adelaide in the late 1860s in general form and outline, differed widely from it in other respects. To propel it was a terrible labour and to keep it in motion even more difficult; however, the application of simple mechanical principles, by which the wheels were made to revolve had a "wonderful influence" in bringing about marked improvements.

Where at first motion was accomplished by strenuous feet movements and later by elaborate levers, the pressure of the foot on concentric rods connected with cranks was all that was needed to bring into play the "principle of the oscillating fulcrum."

On a bicycle the rider was perched upon a saddle raised upon a rod connecting the two wheels, which were placed one after the other. The steering was accomplished by means of a regulator raised above the front wheel and terminating in a pair of handles. The momentum was given by the feet acting alternately upon the propellors or cranks projecting from the axle of the same wheel.

In a tricycle the seat was between the two hinder-wheels; the steering gear was over the third (in the front). The feet rested upon the pedals branching out from below the axle uniting the back pair of wheels and by a simple contrivance they could be made to act as brakes.

By the first months of 1869 a variety of velocipedes were being manufactured in Europe - two-wheelers, three-wheelers, steam-powered and marine types fitted with sails as well as paddles. An Adelaide reporter finished his considered remarks on this new type of transport by giving a few words of advice to prospective purchasers:

They will find little pleasure in velocipede travelling if they become possessed of a stiff heavy machine of the ancient pattern. We are glad to notice that a carriage builder in the city has taken the matter in hand' and we believe that veloce-making will assume a prominent place among our local industries.

A devotee of this new form of transport analysed the comparative merits of the bicycle vis a vis the tricycle in response to a newspaper report favouring the latter:

He then starts off with his right foot; as soon as the machine is in motion he places his left foot on the pedal, and thus the so-called perilous feat of mounting and starting is accomplished without the aid of a passing stranger to shove off.

When he wants to stop, by reversing the pressure of the feet, or by applying the brake, the velocipede is immediately brought to a stop and the rider puts his feet on the ground without damage to either his pants or his knees. The great advantage of the bicycle is that it is much easier propelled; you can guide it with greater ease and describe sharper curves... The difficulty of balancing is greatly magnified. It is very much like learning to skate.

I think the fact that three and four wheeled velocipedes having been for many years before the public without coming very extensively into use is sufficient proof that there must be great advantages in favour of the bicycle to produce such a rush of them as has lately been experienced in France, America and England.

I believe... the velocipede is destined to do good in many ways. It will be an excellent substitute for rowing until we get the dam again; it provides the young or those following sedentary employments a healthy and invigorating exercise, and will enable many to live at greater distances from their employment than at present thus getting the benefit of a purer atmosphere for themselves and families without losing time in travelling.

The son of Louis Maraun, a coach builder in Pirie Street in 1867, claimed that it was his father who first built a velocipede in Adelaide - a crude wooden machine with two wheels; he stated that the bicycles with the large back and front wheels came a little later followed by the three wheelers.

Mr Richard Newell, who was employed by Messrs Duncan and Fraser in that firm's body-building department for 52 years, from 1865, told his version of the arrival of the velocipede on to the streets of Adelaide:

About 1869... a tremendous amount of excitement was caused by the arrival in Adelaide of the first velocipede ever imported into Australia, and which this firm secured. I remember on Good Friday of that year the late Mr James Duncan bringing the "strange animal' out into the street to take the first ride on it. The street was blocked and great excitement ruled everywhere. This first trip passed off without any casualties...

At a sports meeting held in 1869 Mr Maraun, "although he could not claim the honour of building the first machine in the State, got even by winning the first race, W. Stevenson was second, and the late Mr R. Newell... came third."

However, despite the general public euphoria for the velocipede a few complaints were forthcoming, the following apparently from an upper class of colonial society:

If the evolutions of these pretty toys were of a harmless character, and only calculated to afford sport to those interested no one could reasonably take exception... But when they... endanger the safety of persons on horseback and in vehicles then it is time for "the powers that be' to step in and interfere.

Early in the 1870s two riders from overseas startled Adelaideans when they appeared on the "ordinary' or high bicycle. These machines became very popular and a "monster bicycle race" was run on the city's streets and two years later a six days' race was held on land now occupied by the Central Market. Many clubs were formed in the early 1880s and had frequent excursions out into the country:

The pace to Modbury was tolerably fast and the captain's bugle-signals woke the echoes pretty frequently to manoeuvre the cavalcade, and it may be mentioned that some of the pedalists, more from carelessness than wilfulness, straggled despite the captain's calls...

In 1885 a new bicycle styled "The Kangaroo" and "the horse of the future" was imported from overseas; it had a front wheel three feet in diameter and was unique in that it had a tricycle gear. The front wheel was axled on to a bracket projecting from the front forks and, accordingly, the rider was behind the centre of gravity.

The forks were continued eight inches below the centre of the wheel, and on each end was attached a short axle known as a sprocket wheel, over which an endless chain ran, connecting with similar wheels on the main axle. The treadles and cranks which drove the lower sprocket wheel were thus placed low down, and the rider was well "over his work" but not perched so high as on the ordinary machine.

As the pastime of cycling boomed the honourable members of the Corporation of Adelaide, as is its wont today, decided that they should boost the City's coffers:

When two or three nurse-girls, each with a well-freighted perambulator, get together for a gossip in Rundle Street they can create an obstruction to the traffic, which half a dozen cyclists, leading their machines all abreast, could hardly produce.

General Notes

"Adelaide's First Velocipede" is in The Mail,
4 August 1917, page 16c.

"Velocipedes in the Streets" is in the Express,
19 April 1869, page 2b,
21 June 1869, page 2b,
Chronicle,
14 August 1869, page 13d,
18 December 1869, page 6e.

"Comparative Merits of Velocipedes" is in the Observer,
5 June 1869, page 7e,
"Velocipedes" in the Register,
25 and 31 May 1869, pages 3f and 3c:

Those who have been in the habit of patronising stables and paying grooms will look upon the mechanical base as a great relief to the purse, and even poverty-stricken pedestrians will invoke its friendly assistance to spare them the fatigue and foot-soreness with which they have become familiar.

Also see Register,
1 and 12 June 1869, pages 3a and 3f,
13 November 1869, page 3d,
13 December 1869, page 3a,
Advertiser,
22 June 1869, page 2d,
Observer,
19 and 26 June 1869, pages 3d and 5b,
30 October 1869, page 7e-f,
6 November 1869, page 7b.

Register

The first wooden velocipede built in South Australia is commented upon in the Advertiser,
9 February 1924, page 19f.

"Push Bike Days - Interesting Reminiscences" is in The Mail,
12 January 1924, page 25e.

A unicycle is described in the Express,
26 July 1869, page 2d.

"Bicycle versus Tricycle" is in the Register,
7 September 1869, page 3c.

"The Evolution of the Bicycle" is in the Advertiser,
24 March 1900, page 6e.

"My Experience of a Bicycle" is in the Observer,
4 January 1873, page 15c.

"Champions of the Past" is in The Mail,
22 June 1929, page 11a.

"When Cycles Were Dangerous", reminiscences of the 1880s, is in the Advertiser,
23 July 1931, page 8g.

"Quick Bicycling [Adelaide to Saddleworth]" is in the Register,
25 November 1879, page 4g,
Observer,
29 November 1879, page 7g.

A report of a "monster bicycle race" on the city streets is in the Register,
26 January 1880, page 5b.
A sketch is in the Pictorial Australian in
August 1880,
Frearson's Weekly,
7 August 1880, page 341.

"Bicycles and By-Laws" is in the Express,
21 July 1881, page 2g,
"The Bicycle Tournament" is in the Observer,
26 November 1881, page 18c; also see
21 January 1882, page 14d.

"Bicycle Paper Hunt" is in the Register,
9 and 16 January 1882, pages 5b and 4g.

"Six Day's Bicycle Contest" is in the Observer,
24 June 1882, page 16a,
1 July 1882, page 20a.
Sketches are in the Pictorial Australian in
October 1884, page 153,
August 1893, page 116.

A SA Bicycle Club dinner is reported in the Observer,
19 August 1882, pages 19b-25e (poem).

The formation of the Bashi Bazouks Bicycling Touring Club is reported in the Advertiser,
21 November 1882, page 6g and
of the Ariel Cycle Club in the Observer,
24 February 1883, page 20a; also see
Express,
3 May 1883, page 2d, 8 August 1883, page 2b,
Observer,
27 September 1884, page 18b,
Express,
22 September 1884, page 3d,
26 August 1885, page 3e,
20 April 1886, page 3g,
7 June 1886, page 4c,
13 September 1886, page 4c,
12 March 1887, page 4c,
12 January 1889, page 4a,
18 August 1897, page 4c.

A cyclists complaint of the council's by-laws is the subject of a humorous letter in the Register on
26 July 1881 (supp.), page 1c; also see
28 July 1881 (supp.), page 2f,
1 August 1881, page 6g.
"Bells on Cycles" is in the Register,
21 June 1895, page 4h.
Control of push bicycles by the Adelaide City Council is discussed in the Advertiser,
22 August 1923, page 17e; also see
Register,
23 August 1923, page 8e.
Also see Adelaide - Council Matters.

Information on the Adelaide Bicycle Club is in the Register,
10 October 1881, page 5b; also see
18 and 21 November 1881, pages 5a and 6a,
31 January 1882 (supp.), page 1d
- this reports a club trip to Aldinga "over a road with nearly as many ups and downs as human life...".

A bicycle paper chase is reported in the Observer,
21 January 1882, page 14d,
a bicycle trip to Aldgate on 11 February 1882, page 19a,
to the Horseshoe on 11 November 1882, page 20b.

A six-day bike race on a track laid down near the Central Market is reported in the Register,
15, 20 and 26 June 1882, pages 5d, 5g and 6d.

The Register of 14 August 1882 at page 5a reports a bicycle run to Modbury:

A bicycle trip to the Horseshoe (Noarlunga) is reported in the Register,
8 November 1882, page 6a; also see
21 November 1882, page 5c,
27 January 1883 (supp.), page 1b,
7 April 1884, page 4g.

"A Week at the Wheel" is in the Observer,
3 February 1883, page 43b.

"The Bicycle Demonstration" is in the Register,
27 March 1883, page 6b,
Observer,
31 March 1883, page 35b.

A bicycle "fox" hunt is reported in the Register,
7 July 1884, page 5a,
Express,
14 June 1893, page 4e.

To Silverton by Bicycle" is in the Register,
16 July 1884, page 5b.

"The Bicycle in the Light of Reason" is in the Register,
on 3 January 1885, page 6c.

A.H. Padman, "the first to travel overland to Melbourne by bicycle", is reported in the Register,
27 June 1889, page 6g.
"Cycling to Melbourne" is in the Register,
29 and 30 November 1893, pages 6f and 5e,
1 December 1893, page 5d,
Observer,
24 February 1894, page 20d,
3 March 1894, page 19b.
"The Record to Melbourne" is in the Register,
3 April 1896, page 3g.
"Snell Lowers the Record [to Melbourne]" is in the Register,
12 January 1897, page 5e,
Observer,
23 and 30 January 1897, pages 20a and 20c.
Also see Register,
19, 20, 22, 23 and 27 January 1897, pages 7d, 5e, 4h-7d, 9d and 7g.
"Cycling to Melbourne" is in the Observer,
6 November 1897, page 11b.
"After the Melbourne Record" is in the Register,
7 April 1898, page 6c,
Observer,
9 April 1898, page 20b.

A new bicycle styled "The Kangaroo" and described as the "horse of the future" is reported upon in the Register,
19 May 1885, page 5c:

Register

Bicycle sports on the Adelaide Oval are described in the Register,
10 August 1885, page 3f; also see
21 January 1886, page 5c,
30 November 1886, page 7f,
8 and 15 October 1888, pages 6d and 3f,
Advertiser,
2 April 1888, page 6b.
Sketches are in the Pictorial Australian in
April 1887, page 29,
photographs are in the Observer,
4 April 1903, page 23.
Information on a new bicycle track on the oval is in the Express,
3 October 1899, page 2c,
12 March 1900, page 2c.

Cycling events under lights are reported in the Observer,
23 February 1889, page 19c,
2 March 1889, page 19c.

Information on the SA Bicycle Club is in the Express,
21 August 1886, page 2e.

"Cycling Notes" is in the Register,
16 October 1886, page 7e,
"Cycling Extraordinary" on 30 November 1886, page 7f.

Information on Mr Maltby, "the famous fancy bicycle-rider", is in the Register,
7 February 1887, page 6g.

A cartoon and poem are in The Lantern,
11 December 1886, pages 11 and 19;
also see 14 September 1889, page 8.

A hill-climbing contest is reported in the Observer,
15 January 1887, page 18c;
also see 30 April 1887, page 18d,
Register,
21 March 1887, page 5b.

A lecture on the bicycle is reported in the Observer,
17 September 1887, page 20d.

Centennial cycling matches are reported in the Observer,
28 January 1888, page 18b.

Various types of cycles are described in the Observer,
4 February 1888, page 19c;
also see 5 March 1892, page 20b,
4 August 1894, page 30c,
Express,
11 September 1894, page 4a.

The breaking of the 100-mile road racing record is reported in the Observer,
28 January 1888, page, 19d.

"Cyclists as a Military Force" is in the Advertiser,
16 June 1888, page 6f.

A sketch of Richard Day, a champion cyclist, is in the Pictorial Australian
in December 1888, page 140.

An article on a cycling event is in the Express,
31 December 1888, page 3g.

"A 600-Mile Pioneering Cyclist" is in the Register,
5 January 1889, page 5d.

"SA Bicycle Sports" is in the Chronicle,
5 January 1889, page 13e.

"Lecture on the Cycle" is in the Observer,
17 September 1887, page 26d,
"A Cruise on Three Wheels" on
15 February 1890, page 19b; also see
Chronicle,
14 January 1893, page 15g,
3 June 1893, page 15d,
"Close of the Cycling Season" in the Observer,
6 May 1893, page 16e.

A cycling trip from Echuca in Victoria to Gawler is described in the Register,
5 January 1889, page 5d.

"The 100-Mile Bicycle Record [H. Black]" is in the Register,
1 February 1889, page 5d.

"Bicycling Under Regulation" is in the Register,
20, 22 and 25 March 1889, pages 4g, 6g and 7d.

Cycling under lights at the Adelaide Oval is reported in the Register on
28 February 1889, page 6d,
1 March 1889, page 6h and
a trip from Adelaide to Port Darwin on
22 May 1897, page 6d; also see
Express,
20 September 1898, page 4c.

A proposed Cyclists' Touring Club of SA is discussed in the Register,
29 March 1889, page 4f,
3 April 1889, page 7d;
also see 15 May 1889, page 5c,
1 September 1890, page 6h.
The inaugural meeting of the SA Cyclists' Touring Association is reported in the Observer,
31 July 1897, page 14c.

A meeting of the SA Cyclists Union is reported in the Express,
27 February 1890, page 4c; also see
20 July 1893, page 4e.
The inaugural meeting of the SA Cyclists' Touring Association is reported in the Observer,
31 July 1897, page 14c.

Australian bicycling championships are reported upon in the Register,
1 January 1891, page 5d.

Notes on cycling are in the Express,
6 April 1889, page 2e,
10 November 1892, page 4b.

"A Cruise on Three Wheels" in the Adelaide Hills is reported in the Register,
13 February 1890, page 7c,
Observer,
15 February 1890, page 19b.

"Cash Prizes v Trophies" is in the Register,
16 July 1891, page 3g.

"Bells on Bicycles" is in the Register,
27 July 1892, page 7c,
3 August 1892, page 6c.

"Advice to Cyclists" is in the Observer,
13 August 1892, page 25c.

"Advanced Wheelmen" is in the Register,
11 March 1893, page 5b:

Register

"A Week on the Wheel" is in the Observer,
22 April 1893, page 41a,
"Wheeling in the Wilds" on 1 July 1893, page 30e.

A libel case is discussed in the Register,
27 June 1893, page 5b.

"Cycling Accidents" is in the Register,
24 October 1893, page 5a,
"The Cycling Season" on 23 and 25 September 1893, pages 4f and 6e.

"Cycle Road Contests" is in the Register,
27 November 1893, page 7d.

Long distance cycling is reported upon in the Advertiser,
2 and 5 December 1893, pages 4e and 6a,
12, 15 and 16 November 1894, pages 6d, 6f and 5i.

"The Progress of Cycling" is in the Register,
4 December 1893, page 5a.

"Breaking Cycling Records" is in the Register,
22, 24 and 27 February 1894, pages 4g, 4f-6b and 6e.

"Cycle Record Breaking - Return of Mr J.E. Snell" is in the Chronicle,
10 March 1894, page 15e,
"The Bicycle Seizure" on
14 April 1894, page 22g,
"A Trip to Kadina" on
28 July 1894, page 15e.

"A Thousand Miles on a Bicycle" is in the Observer,
21 July 1894, page 33e.

"Women, Dress, Cycling, Costume and Custom" is in the Observer,
25 August 1894, page 39b.

Information on the fifty-mile record is in the Register,
4 September 1894, page 7d.

"New Season's Cycles" is in the Register,
7 September 1894, page 7g.

Different types of bicycles are discussed in the Express,
11 September 1894, page 4a.

"Recent Cycling" is in the Advertiser,
29 September 1894, page 4h,
10 December 1894, page 4f,
"Current Cycling" on
28 October 1895, page 4f.

"Recent Cycling" is in theAdvertiser,
29 September 1894, page 4h,
10 December 1894, page 4f,
"Current Cycling" on 28 October 1895, page 4f.

"The Cycling Feats" is in the Register,
16 November 1894, page 6d.

"Customs Stoppage of Bicycles" is in the Register,
20 November 1894, page 5b.

"Cycling Past and Present" is in the Register,
16 February 1895, page 4e,
"Cycling and Sports" on
12 October 1895, page 4g,
"The Modern Bicycle" on
30 May 1896, page 4g; also see
21 (supp.) and 22 and 24 February 1896, pages 4g and 4g-h-7c,
19 October 1896, page 4h.

"Women on Wheels" is in the Express,
4 November 1893, page 5c,
2 June 1894, page 5c,
28 September 1895, page 3b,
Advertiser,
4 March 1895, page 4f,
"The Wheeling Woman" on
18 January 1896, page 4h,
"Should Ladies Cycle" in the Express,
29 June 1895, page 3e,
"Hints for Beginners" on
10 October 1896, page 3e
"Woman as a Cyclist" in the Register,
18 and 21 September 1896, pages 7c and 7f,
"Cycling for Ladies" on
28 July 1897, page 4f,
"When Women Paid Calls on the Bicycle" in The Mail,
23 February 1935, page 18.

"A Novel Tricycle" is in the Observer,
11 May 1895, page 12b.

Articles on the sport are in the Register,
13, 17, 21 and 25 June 1895, pages 5a, 6b, 4h and 3h,
9 July 1895, page 3h,
6 July 1897, page 4g,
23 October 1897, page 9i:

One gentleman has been fined half a sovereign for merely leading his two-wheeled steed across the Park Lands... A perusal of the by-law demonstrates first that the Councillors in their reforming zeal are not to be baulked by mere linguistic obstacles, as they laconically decree that a bicycle shall mean a tricycle and something else...

A further complaint and editorial comment appears on 4 and 10 March 1899, pages 6e and 4g:

Register

An editorial on the sport is in the Register,
2 January 1893, page 4g and
its "pros and cons" are discussed on
20 May 1893, page 4g; also see
Advertiser,
20 September 1893, page 4f for an editorial on "safety" cycling and
16 September 1895, page 4g:

The amusement is indulged in with an excess of ardor by persons whose constitutions are not fitted to bear the strain... [However] ladies who in dancing can cover from ten to twelve miles a night in a ballroom... need not fear a bicycle ride of two or three times the distance in an invigorating atmosphere.

A meeting of the Adelaide Cycling Club is reported in the Register,
11 August 1893, page 6f.

A lecture on cycling is reproduced in the Register,
21 April 1894, page 7f.

Information on Mr F.S. Toms, "one of the foremost South Australian cyclists", is in the Advertiser,
20 March 1895, page 3h.

Details of R. Davis are in theObserver,
23 February 1895, page 16b.

"Women, Dress Cycling Costume and Custom" is in the Register,
18 August 1894, page 4f.

The opening of a cycling season is reported in the Register,
13 October 1894, page 5a.

"Overland Cycling" is in the Register,
13 November 1894, page 7f.

"The Twenty-Four Hour Cycling Record" is in the Register,
1 April 1895, page 5c.

"Cycling and Sports" is in the Register,
12 October 1895, page 4h.

"The Evolution of Bicycle Racing", including sketches, is in the Express,
30 November 1895, page 5c.

"The Cycling Carnival" is in theObserver,
9 February 1895, page 20b,
"The Twenty-Four Hours Cycling Race" on 13 April 1895, page 21b.

"The Overland Bicycle Journey - The Return of T.H. Reeves" is in the Observer,
27 April 1895, page 21a.

"Long-Distance Cycling" is in the Register,
30 April 1895, page 4f.

"Should Ladies Cycle?" is in the Observer,
17 August 1895, page 40a.

Cycling events are reported in the Observer,
26 October 1895, page 19e,
2 November 1895, page 39a.

"A Cycle of Cycling" is in the Observer,
29 February 1896, page 43a.

"Cycling Carnival" is in the Register,
21 February 1896 (supp. - includes photographs),
22 February 1896, page 4g.

"A Ladies Cycle School" is in the Register,
10 March 1896, page 5a.

"Cyclists and the Public" is in the Advertiser,
6 April 1896, page 4g,
"The Flying Wheel" on
13 April 1896, page 4e,
"To Melbourne via Wentworth" on
3 August 1896, page 7a.

"The Modern Bicycle" is in the Register,
30 May 1896, page 4h.

A photograph of a bicycle group at Government House is in the Observer,
1 August 1896, page 4 (supp.).

"The Future of Wheeling" is in the Register,
1 September 1896, page 4h.

"Cycling and Its Risks" is in the Advertiser,
19 September 1896, page 4g,
"Cycling Fatalities" on
15 October 1896, page 4g,
"Bicycle Racing" on
26 October 1896, page 4g,
12 December 1896, page 4i,
"Cycling and Society" on
21 November 1896, page 4g.

"The Choice of a Cycle"is in the Observer,
8 August 1896, page 33a,
"Cyclists' Church Parade" on
21 November 1896, page 42c.

"A Cyclist's Road Map" is in the Register,
24 December 1896, page 5e.

"Record Cycling to Melbourne" is in the Register,
22 and 23 January 1897, pages 4h and 9d and
to Darwin on
26 June 1897, page 6b;
"The Marvellous Bicycle" on
18 September 1897, page 4f.

From Coolgardie to Adelaide on a 26-lb Bicycle" is in the Observer,
9 January 1897, page 16a.

"Cycling in Central Australia - Oodnadatta to Alice Springs" is in the Express,
27 February 1897, page 6g.

"Cycle-Racing in Danger" is in the Register,
10 February 1897, page 4h.

"Cycling Notes for Ladies" is in the Express,
1 and 15 May 1897, pages 4c and 4b.

"Penong to Adelaide - Along the West Coast on a Cycle" is in the Observer,
8 May 1897, page 41e.

Information on Dunlop tires (sic) is in the Chronicle,
6 March 1897, page 14b;
on Snell's Puncture Proof Tyre Company in the Express,
23 July 1897, page 2f.

The inaugural meeting of the SA Cyclists' Touring Association is reported in the Observer,
31 July 1897, page 14c;
also see 18 September 1897, page 21a.

"That By-Law - A Cyclist's Lament" is in the Observer,
10 July 1897, page 25d.

"The Marvellous Bicycle" is in the Observer,
25 September 1897, page 33c,
Register, 18 September 1897, page 4f.

"Popular Cycling Tours - The Scenery and the Roads" is in the Register,
2, 9, 23 and 30 October 1897, pages 6d, 6e, 7b and 9d,
6, 20 and 27 November 1897, pages 9f, 9h and 7e,
4, 11, 18, 24 and 30 December 1897, pages 6e, 5d, 8b, 6c and 6c,
1 and 15 January 1898, pages 10c and 10g.

"A Record Ride" is in the Advertiser on
23 January 1897, pages 4f-5h,
"Is Cycling Healthy" on
26 January 1897, page 4h,
"The Wheel on the Track" on
13 February 1897, page 4f,
"The Popular Sport" on
22 February 1897, page 4f,
"Cyclists and the Public" on
8 April 1897, page 4g,
"Bicycles and Bumbledom" on
8 July 1897, page 4f.

"Murif's Trip Across the Continent" is in the Observer,
1 and 29 May 1897, pages 21b and 22c,
26 June 1897, page 21e, 3 July 1897, page 20b.

"The Bicycle By-Law" is in the Advertiser on
22 July 1897, page 4e-g,
"Cyclists and the Public" on
23 October 1897, page 6g,
"Our Cycling Tracks" on
6 December 1897, page 6g.

A series of weekly articles on "Popular Cycling Tours" commence in the Observer,
9 October 1897, page 33d.

"Transcontinental Cycling - Arrival of Mather and Coleman" is in the Register,
16 and 22 October 1897, pages 6d and 6f,
Observer, 23 October 1897, page 14a.

"A Cyclist [Martin] in Trouble" is in the Register,
19 October 1897, pages 4f-6b.

"Risks of Cycle Racing" is in the Register,
28 October 1897, page 4f.

"Cycle Record Breaking [to Melbourne]" is in the Register,
9 November 1897, pages 4g-6a.

"A Year of Cycling" is in the Advertiser,
29 January 1898, page 9a,
"Snell's Puncture-Proof Tyre Co" on
5 February 1898, page 9g,
"Racing by Electric Light" on
16 February 1898, page 7d.

"Will Cycles be Cheaper" is in the Register,
7 January 1898, page 6d,
Observer,
15 January 1898, page 16d.

"The Cycle on the Track" is in the Advertiser on
21 February 1898, page 4f,
"The Every-Day Cyclist" on
11 April 1898, page 4d,
"The Racing Cyclist" on
24 October 1898, page 4f,
"On Road and Track" on
28 October 1899, page 6f.

"The Decadence of Cycle Racing" is in the Register on
27 January 1898, page 4f,
"A Cycle of Cycling" on
19 February 1898, page 4g,
"Cyclists and Their Wheels" on
5 March 1898, page 6g,
"Cycling and Cyclists" on
22 October 1898, page 4f.

"Cyclists and Their Wheels" is in the Register,
5 March 1898, page 4g.

Betting on cycle races is discussed in the Express,
5 May 1898, page 2b.

An obituary of Ludwig Maraun is in the Express,
15 November 1898, page 4e.

"From the West - A Cyclist's Experience [J.H. Wright]" is in the Register,
11 May 1898, page 7g.
"Cycling from Western Australia" is in the Observer,
11 June 1898, page 21b.

"The Transcontinental Cyclist" is in the Register,
21 September 1898, page 6c,
"From Ocean to Ocean - Arrival of MacDonald" in the Observer,
24 September 1898, page 20b.
A photograph of members of the SA Cycling Club is in The Critic,
18 February 1899, page 26.

"Racing by Electric Light" is in the Advertiser,
16 February 1898, page 7d.
Cycling under electric light on the Jubilee Oval is described in the Register,
17 February 1898, pages 4h-6e,
27 August 1903, page 4f.
The removal of the track is discussed in the Register,
28 July 1904, page 4e;
"Lighting the Jubilee Oval" is in theRegister,
27 August 1904, page 6f.
"The Jubilee Oval - Bicycle Track Dispute" is in the Advertiser,
1 September 1904, page 9e.
"The Jubilee Oval - Attitude of the Royal Agricultural Society" is in the Register,
1 and 2 September 1904, pages 7f and 4d.
also see 23 November 1904, page 6h,
1 December 1904, page 4g.

"Stearns Road Race - Fifty-Miles SA Championship" is in the Register,
24 and 26 September 1898, pages 10c and 3b.

Biographical details of G.O. Latham, secretary of the League of Wheelmen, are in the Observer,
29 October 1898, page 15c.

"Humber Cycles" is in the Register,
8 December 1898, page 7a.

"The Adelaide Wheel Race" is in the Express,
13 February 1899, page 3e.

The import and export of bicycles is discussed in the Express,
8 July 1899, page 2c.

"Cycle Gymkhana" is in the Register,
6 February 1899, page 7f.

"In Praise of Cycling" is in the Register,
11 February 1899, page 4f.

"Electra Cycles" is in the Weekly Herald,
18 November 1899, page 3d,
"The Cyclist on the Roads" is in the Advertiser on
23 November 1899, page 4e,
"Cyclists and Pedestrians" on
11 May 1900, page 4e,
"The Perils of Cycling" on
25 August 1900, page 6f,
"Road Racing" on
6 October 1900, page 6f.

"In Praise of Cycling" is in the Register on
11 February 1899, page 4f,
"A Problem for Cyclists" on
21 February 1900, page 4f,
"Cycling - Is Amateurism Dead" on
30 September 1901, page 4h,
"Cycling and Wagering" on
14 December 1901, page 8e.

"Mullin's Shield" is in the Register,
16 October 1899, page 3a.

"Paths for Cyclists" is in the Register,
23 and 25 November 1899, pages 6d and 5g.

"Romance on Wheels in the Gay Nineties" is in The Mail,
12 May 1934, page 2.

"Around Australia - A Cyclist's Experiences [Arthur Richardson]" is in the Observer,
13 January 1900, page 34b.

"A Problem for Cyclists [Free Wheeling]" is in the Register,
21 February 1900, page 4f.

A photograph of G.G. Body, the winner of the Adelaide wheelrace is in The Critic,
6 April 1901, page 9.

"North Adelaide Secedes from the League" is in the Observer,
21 July 1900, page 21e.

An obituary of James B. Hay, "a popular SA cyclist", is in the Register,
11 February 1901, page 5a.

"The South-East - A Cyclist's Paradise" is in the Chronicle,
13 April 1901, page 39,
"Twenty-Five Miles Road Race" on
30 November 1901, page 16a.

The opening of new clubrooms for the League of Wheelmen is reported in the Register,
13 August 1901, page 6i;
photographs are in The Critic,
31 March 1900, pages 6 and 20, 30 June 1900, page 23.

"Cyclist Riflemen" is in the Observer,
26 October 1901, page 25a.
Information on the Cyclists' Defence Rifle Club is in the Express,
21 February 1900, page 4d.
The formation of a cyclists' rifle club is reported in the Register,
18 October 1901, page 4d,
A photograph of a cyclists' rifle club is in the Observer,
25 October 1913, page 32,
Also see Rifle Shooting

"The Advance of the Bicycle"is in the Register,
13 and 20 October 1902, pages 4f and 4c,
"Cyclists and the Public" on
29 November 1902, page 4c,
"The Speed of Cycles" on
18 April 1903, page 4e.

A photograph of H.M. Aunger, the winner of the five-mile State championship is in the Chronicle,
1 March 1902, page 41,
"The Cyclist Meeting" on
6 April 1901, page 15a.

"Cycling and Wagering" is in the Register,
14 December 1901, page 8e.

"The Around the World Cyclist" is in the Observer,
11 and 18 January 1902, pages 31b-d and 33d.

"Cycle Championships - Some Reminiscences" is in the Register,
21 February 1902, page 6f.

A photograph of members of the Adelaide Cycling Club is in The Critic,
3 May 1902, page 13.

A photograph of "the muster of ancient and modern cycles" is in the Chronicle,
18 October 1902, page 42.

"The Cycle Sports - A Unique Display" is in the Observer,
18 and 25 October 1902, pages 12b-34a and 18e.

"The Advance of the Bicycle" is in the Register,
13 October 1902, page 4f,
"The Development of the Bicycle" on 20 October 1902, page 4c.

Information on and photographs of "antique cycles" are in the Observer,
18 and 25 October 1902, pages 25-34a and 18e.

"Careless Cyclists" is in theRegister,
29 October 1902, page 4g.

"Cyclists and the Public" is in the Register,
29 November 1902, page 6d.

"The Speed of Cycles" is in the Register,
18 April 1903, page 4e,
"Cyclists and Railways" on 25 May 1903, page 4b.

"Cycle Racing in Shop Windows" is in the Express,
1 May 1903, page 1g.

Cyclists' Avenues [in Adelaide]" is in the Register,
25 and 27 July 1903, pages 6h and 4e.

"Cyclists and Railways" is in the Register,
25 May 1903, page 4c,
"Cycling" on
20 and 27 February 1904, pages 6d,
"Is Cycling in Danger" on
13 April 1904, page 4d,
"The Future of the Bicycle" on
5 January 1905, page 6d.

"The Decline of Cycling" is in the Observer,
23 April 1904, page 19a,
Register,
5 May 1904, page 4f,
2 May 1906, pages 4g-9h,
Advertiser,
27 March 1907, page 6f.

"Cycling Dangers - Hints to Riders" is in the Advertiser,
21 June 1904, page 7b.

The terrors of "The Cyclist and Mud" is traversed in the Advertiser,
1 and 14 August 1905, pages 4f and 4f.

The fate of cycle track racing is discussed in the Register,
16 January 1907, page 4e,
"Cyclists and the Parklands" appears on
31 January 1908, page 7e.

"The Decline of Cycling" is in the Advertiser,
27 March 1907, page 6f.

"Cyclists and Footpaths" is in the Register,
4 June 1908, page 6e,
"Cycling Dangers" on
12 August 1912, page 6d.

"Overland Cycling - Fremantle to Adelaide" is in the Express,
1 May 1911, page 4b.

"Adelaide to Sydney - Great Relay Race" is in the Advertiser,
5 April 1912, page 9f,
"Health and the Bicycle" on
28 September 1912, page 7d.

A photograph of members of the League of SA Wheelmen is in the Observer,
29 July 1922, page 24.

A photograph of a Lewis road race winner is in the Observer,
24 March 1923, page 30.

"Hundred Mile Cycle Race" is in the Observer,
11 October 1924, page 22c.

Photographs of the Dunlop cycle race are in the Observer,
2 October 1926, page 32.

The reminiscences of H. Heylen are in The News,
30 May 1927, page 9c.

"Cycling in Former Years" is in The News,
20 December 1928, page 20f,
"When Cycling Was Genteel" in the Advertiser,
28 September 1934, page 14d.

"Rear Lights for Bicycles" is in The News,
27 February 1930, page 8c.

A photograph of female "overland" cyclists is in the Chronicle,
18 June 1931, page 34.

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