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    South Australia - Police

    B47666An Essay on Policing in Colonial Days

    (Taken from Geoffrey H. Manning's A Colonial Experience and the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning - copy in State Library)

    Introduction

    ?The police force was a credit to the colony? were the words used with regard to our men in blue by the most captious of the new members, when an amendment to an Act was before the House of Assembly in the colony?s infancy. The remark met with a hearty cheer from the other representatives of the people who were present, for they were then echoing a sentiment which, in the main, was acquiesced in by the people of South Australia.

    It was, no doubt, an unfortunate fact that a young State should, as it developed, have to set apart a portion of the body politic to keep watch and ward over other sections of its frame, but human nature is frail, passions are strong, and so every well-governed community saw the advisability of establishing in its midst a force of men whose duty it was to protect the rights of their fellow citizens, to repress crime or its imposition with the strong arm of the law, and to be a terror to all evil-doers.

    The efficiency of the police force in the 19th century was to a great extent due to the fact that our legislature had wisely guarded against the officers being hampered in their attempts to establish thorough discipline by the political influences, which had such a prejudicial effect upon the usefulness of the police in Victoria and New South Wales. There, in colonial days, the officers were loth to take any action for fear of being called to book for it.

    Of course the majority of the population, as good Christians, prayed for a time when the whole instincts of mankind should have so changed that each member of the community would respect the privileges of his fellow-man, and when he should not only appreciate, but act up to the principle contained in, the old adage that right and not might should prevail.

    Early Policing Days

    Governor John Hindmarsh retained ten marines from HMS Buffalo both as protectors for the embryo settlement and vice-regal guards. In the first task they were a signal failure and with the second a dubious success, for they were a roisterous, rioting crew who did as they liked, drank when they could and, like the praetorian guards of ancient Rome, would almost have taken control of the colony had not the Governor occasionally tied their ringleaders to a tree for a time to sober the brain and dampen the spirit. Sly grog shanty keepers were the only mourners when those blunderers left in the Alligator in 1838.

    While complaints rose high against the depredations of the armed banditry, that sallied forth nightly on infant Adelaide, peace officers had to be appointed to control the roistering Buffalo marines, the nominal guardians of the law. Yet, from such a paradox South Australia?s police force sprang.

    Appointed on 5 January 1837, what did William Williams, the colony?s first policeman (or ?High Constable? as he was officially designated), know of criminology, which today encompasses the correlation of apparently unrelated or irrelevant facts, the building up of tattered documents, etc.? When he went to Kangaroo Island a month after the foundation ceremony at Glenelg to clear up that rascal?s paradise, faces were his warrant and for the sum of £30 per annum he attempted to enforce law and order and act as colonial gaoler. In the same year one James Windbank received £7 for his services which, unfortunately, were not defined in official records.

    Later, Sheriff Smart was zealous in his pursuit of escaped convicts, ticket-of-leave men and their kind, who terrorised whole neighbourhoods, and he was marked down for death and murderously attacked in his hut by three ?Vandemonians?. Two of the ruffians were captured and the third, Morgan, fled to the whaling station at Encounter Bay. Three special constables were sworn in and told to bring him back dead or alive.

    It was nearly the former for, after bluffing off a threatened rescue of their captive, whom they seized in his sleep with a gun at his hand, they were lost in the hills and Morgan spent four days of frightful torture chained to a tree alone, tormented by flies and menaced by dogs, while his captors went for food and help.

    A placard nailed to a tree trunk in a camp in Adelaide heralded the police force's beginnings and its genesis is an engrossing story:

    A fortnight later the local press had its say on the subject:

    Whatever the genesis, Governor Hindmarsh had a force or 20 policemen in fair organisation less than two years after his landing at Holdfast Bay and a year later it had grown to 53 men, with Major O?Halloran as Commissioner. It was beset by dissension. The Resident Commissioner, J.H. Fisher, refused to draw bills to provide for payment of the force, but the governor, zealous of his band, drew on the Colonial Commissioners for £1,000, without authority, and was commended for his action.

    Henry Inman was the first Inspector of Police; appointed in April 1838 and he held the position until 1840, following which he returned to England where at Derby he undertook the gentler authority of a minister of the gospel.

    The force needed support for the colony that was over-run by desperate characters, some convict escapees and rascally runaway sailors. Their lair was The Tiers (modern-day Mount Lofty Ranges) where they lived in log huts built in deep and lonely gullies overgrown with scrub and vegetation. Thence, under cover of night, they sallied forth on daring black-faced robberies in the city, or cattle stealing in the foothills, retiring to their lairs with the plunder, or finding shelter with accomplices in the town.

    Cattle were slaughtered in hidden yards, the hides destroyed by fire and the meat pickled for sale to ship?s captains, who asked no questions. Scouts in an eyrie gave warning of police and the early records of the force is bright with courageous, but abortive, raids by Alford, Tolmer and their men - fruitless watches on ?duffing? camps throughout tempestuous nights, falls down precipitous valleys and arduous tracking of stolen beasts.

    An amusing tale of Henry Alford?s encounter with a certain rogue named Spearman, an ?undesirable? of the worst type, is well remembered in the annals of colonial policing. A farmer was stuck up and he recognised Spearman?s voice. Alford and two troopers were assigned to the case and they lost no time in journeying to somewhere near where the ?Eagle-on-the-Hill? hotel stands today. They left their horses and crawled up to Spearman?s shanty and listened attentively and were rewarded for their patience when the villain?s voice was recognised at asking, ?What did you do with the plunder?? and the wife replied, ?I have sewn it up in my stays.?

    Alford and his men then retreated and next morning rode up and met their man who said he was off to Mount Barker. Both parties were arrested and the wife, taking umbrage, demanded to know the reason for same - ?For having stolen plunder in your possession?, she was informed. ?May I change my dress before you take us away??, she enquired. Alford, with a wry smile responded, ?But, no, I prefer you as you are!? In due course Spearman?s nefarious practices were cut off so far as South Australia was concerned by his transportation to Van Diemen?s Land, as Tasmania was known in those far off days.

    Such was the daring of the thieves that cattle stealing extended to Black Forest, then a region spread with giant gums and covered with thick undergrowth. From a frustrated raid on such a lair arose the celebrated chase and capture of the criminal Stagg and his execution for the murder of an accomplice in the mangroves near Port Gawler.

    Adventure and hazards, which the career of a trooper promised in such stirring days, made an irresistible appeal to the youth of the colony, particularly the younger ones and erstwhile military officers sent out to repair their fortunes and, had Hindmarsh wished, he might have filled the mounted section of his force three times over with eligible, daring spirits. Heirs to English titles, Germans and men with degrees sank their identity as trooper, while the poet, Adam Lindsay Gordon, spent some of the happiest months of his ill-starred life as Trooper Gordon, groom to the Commissioner of Police at the barracks.

    Judiciously recruited, capably led and splendidly mounted - their first 11 horses cost £610 - the force, discarding the blue-belted shirt in which it first appeared, was metamorphosed by its navy blue Garibaldi jacket, elaborately quilted with black silk, and white-banded navy trousers and burgeoned into a body without peer in the colonies. From its pinnacle it looked with disdain on the foot police, from whom it was nearly as possible segregated.

    Poor old foot! Low in strength, and railed for inefficiency, it struggled through the dark days of the Gawler collapse, was saved from disintegration under the regime of G.M. Stephen by the acting-governor?s contribution of £200 to the public purse and, notwithstanding the urgent need for out-stations to prevent collisions between squatters and natives, it bore some of the cuts of Governor Grey?s economy axe. As if police duties were not enough, it was a fire brigade as well, and dragged Adelaide?s only firecart to early outbreaks.

    Notwithstanding its tribulations, Commissioner O?Halloran reported to his successor on his retirement in 1843, that the force of 50 was ?tolerably well drilled? an opinion confirmed by the little used defaulters? book. The two men on the street during the day, and the nine from 9 pm to 6 am had plenty to do, with taverns open half the night, drunkenness notorious and street nuisance prevalent:

    By 1847, a letter from a correspondent signing himself as ?One of the Resigned? suggested that there was a modicum of discontent within the force:

    The 1850s witnessed a phenomenal increase in the force and, by 1855, it had risen to 252. The Adelaide division found a home at the corner of Franklin Street and King William Streets and when that was required for the General Post Office, moved to King William Street south. At the same time a dozen ?powerful natives?, chiefly of the Moorundee tribe, were selected to be sent to the Port Lincoln district to act as mounted police. Corporal Cusack took charge of the party, while the local press opined that it was surprised that the plan of employing ?Native Police? in the outer districts had not been more extensively adopted by the Government for ?it has answered well in the other colonies.? By 1856 there were 27 ?coloured police? who received rations, clothing and one shilling per day per man and in a report from Sergeant Eyre at Venus Bay they were described as ?ready and anxious to do their duty.?

    In the wider field the force had an important part to play. The country stations, whose absence Governor Gawler had deplored, came into being with the set of the tide towards prosperity and, reassured by outstations at the Burra, Port Augusta, Mosquito Plains (near Naracoorte) and Mount Gambier, squatters penetrated with their flocks and herds, hundreds of miles to the north and south.

    In the records of Eyre Peninsula are cruel and unprovoked native murders of settlers and their shepherds, but a series of punitive expeditions, and the appointment of a strong police post at Port Lincoln, instilled a ?wholesome fear? Though the task involved infinite trouble and danger, the murderers were brought to Adelaide for trial and after conviction taken back to their own districts for execution as a terrible, but salutary, proof of white man?s justice.

    Inspector Alexander Tolmer and the Gold Escort

    Into the picture, with colour and romance lent by the stirring days of the gold rush, clattered Police Commissioner, Alexander Tolmer and his gold escort, bringing bags of the precious metal from the homeward-looking diggers whose exodus to Mount Alexander and Forest Creek had left Adelaide a stricken city. As custodians of the golden tide, which was soon to send new activity and optimism pulsing through the colonies, Tolmer and his force gave South Australia signal service, for she gained nearly as much from the diggings as the colony which held them.

    The escort was Captain Tolmer?s conception; making his first trip early in 1852 with a spring cart and six troopers, he was received on the field with immense eclat, which changed to hoots and chagrin when he announced after taking 6,000 ounces of gold, that he could accept no more. The return safely made, despite the hazards of unmade tracks and disreputable roadside inns, occupied a fortnight and the escort was met by a cavalcade at the foothills and accompanied to Adelaide.

    The next convoy, bringing £68,000 worth of gold from 859 diggers, was received with overwhelming gusto. A concourse of horsemen, forewarned by a scout riding post haste from Wellington, met the escort on the Great Eastern road, with an omnibus ?with her deck occupied by a band of clever musicians? and cavorted about the company, driving Jemmy Chambers, the driver of the cart, to such a frenzy that he whipped his horses into a mad gallop coming down Glen Osmond hill.

    The attending troopers kept pace with him and so the column entered town ?more like a rout of drunken racing bushmen? than an escort charged with treasure. An eager crowd jostled at the Treasury doors to see the heavy cases full of gold unloaded and carried to the vaults. Tolmer?s name was on everyone?s lips.

    The third trip with more than a ton of gold was the most hazardous of all, for the cart was overturned in a flooded creek, wherein the leader was within an inch of drowning after having dived for missing bags of gold. Month by month the flow continued. The escort was increased to 16, with a relief half-way; a commissioner was appointed at the field to receive the gold, and in little more than a year a million pounds worth of nuggets and dust reached Adelaide. As the decades passed by the gold escort became a fond memory, while the work of the trooper still had colour, particularly in the far country stations.

    The oft-produced photograph of Tolmer in his military uniform shows, clearly, the medal presented to him by the King of Portugal and, in the fullness of time, it became part of a personal incident in which I was involved in the 1970s. In the mid-1850s Tolmer returned to England and rejoined his regiment and wore his decoration at a regimental parade in the presence of Queen Victoria who, according to legend, ?was not amused?. Accordingly, his superiors informed him that such a decoration was not to be worn at official functions.

    In the 1970s, when A.R. Calvesbert was in charge of the newly-established Police Museum, he received a letter from Tolmer?s grand-daughter, Mrs Isabel Hughes, an elderly lady living at the Great Eastern Hotel at Littlehampton. Further, she stated that she had the said medal in her possession together with correspondence to and from Queen Victoria and was anxious to present these items to the department. Today, the Police Historical Society is the proud custodian of these unique historical relics at the Thebarton barracks.

    Memories of the 1850s

    In 1897 Inspector Denis Sullivan recalled that in the 1850s:

    To say the least his duties were multifarious, for when on duty in North Adelaide shortly after joining the force he had the unique experience of putting his sergeant under arrest:

    Enter the Detectives

    In March 1853 it was reported that certain individuals of the ?Detective Force? had been taken off special night duty and remanded to ordinary duty, on account of having been guilty of highly unbecoming conduct when acting in their special capacity and although the press had advocated its formation an editor had insisted upon ?the best and fittest men for promotion?. However, there were dissenters within the community:

    It is apparent that this branch of the service was disbanded, for a contemporary report speaks of the ?defunct detectives? when Martin Brennan complained of treatment received at the hands of Detective Spinks while being charged for hawking without a licence, followed by incarceration in a cell for 24 hours ?although [his] name and address were known to him and his superiors.? Commissioner George Hamilton reformed the detective branch of the service in 1876.

    Reflections on Suburban Police

    Prestige has a large part in the success of a policeman stationed in the suburbs for each of them has a nucleus of law contemners and when a policeman is transferred to their desmene, steps are taken to ascertain how far it is safe to go with him. If the new constable is easy going, his characteristics are known quickly and advantage is taken of the soft side of his nature. There may be a few prosecutions, but offences may be numerous. The effect in contiguous suburbs is bad, and brings a constable of greater force of character into ill-odour with the larrikin element.

    On the contrary, a man who strictly enforces the law, while showing courtesy and consideration to the public, wins the respect and goodwill of all. He has a busy time, at first, but after a while his 'clients' realise that it is not safe to trifle with him and an orderly suburb is one of the results.

    Police duty in the suburbs is far more varied than in the city and tact is a requisite of every constable. The general aim is to discourage mischievous instincts, for most of the offences are peccadilloes rather than serious matters, which means that after showing a determination to keep order, efforts are devoted to prevention instead of repression.

    One constable makes a speciality of warning youths once if they show a tendency to larrikinism, but he acts swiftly if the advice is disregarded. He has a reputation of keeping good order with few prosecutions after the big budget which marks his arrival in the district. Persuasion is a valuable and in the work and its after moral effect on potential delinquents is surprising.

    Sometimes our Norwood police are called on to intervene in family disputes. Their instruction books set out the powers of constables on private property, but at times it is necessary in the interests of good order to go beyond the law's literal requirements. Tactful pressure is used in such cases, also in others where an information is laid, but the informant is reluctant to prosecute.

    To our suburban constables falls a lot of work for different government departments and for the local council. Such work brings them into close contact with residents so that they widen considerably their experience of human nature. They meet the man who, in ordinary circumstances would write a volume, but objects to filling in a census paper or electoral claim because it is compulsory.

    Complaints about neighbours, serious and frivolous, call for diplomatic intervention. Perhaps a dog is a cause of annoyance to one family, while the remainder of the neighbourhood has no objection to it. Enquiry generally discloses the existence of a feud about something else and shows that the complaint is mainly groundless or actuated by spite.

    Then comes the duty of reconciling the complainants to the fact that the dog must be left alone, and of giving advice to its owner to be specially cautious with it. Some of their duties are monotonous and others pleasant, but the policeman who is observant finds plenty to interest him in his suburban duty and does not repine at working more than 48 hours a week. Our constables are cheery men in conversation and gather a store of knowledge which is the envy of the raconteur.

    Police Barracks

    The Police Barracks, "a disgrace to the colony", are described in the Adelaide Times on
    14 May 1849, page 3c.

    A fire at the police barracks is reported in the Register,
    10 January 1874, page 5d,
    Observer,
    17 January 1874, page 12e.

    Alleged grievances at the police barracks are aired in the Register,
    19 March 1887, page 6f and
    14 April 1887, page 6c.
    Observer,
    26 March 1887, page 37a. New barracks are described on
    22 July 1916, page 9d.
    Photographs are in the Chronicle,
    10 March 1917, page 28.

    The Adelaide Barracks

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    "Police Barracks - Insanitary and Inadequate" is in the Register,
    7 May 1909, page 6h.
    A photograph of and information on the barracks on North Terrace are in The Herald,
    24 April 1909; also see
    Express,
    7 April 1914, page 3f,
    Register,
    7 April 1914, page 8e,
    22 July 1916, page 9d,
    3 February 1917, page 9f,
    2 March 1917, page 9d,
    21 August 1919, page 5d.
    Photographs are in the Observer,
    10 March 1917, page 26.

    The Thebarton Barracks

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    By 1909 the barracks on North Terrace were in a parlous state as evidenced by an editorial in The Herald:

    In 1914 the government approved of the transfer of five acres of the Park Lands near the Adelaide Gaol for the purposes of police barracks and 25 acres, portion of which was formerly occupied by the pig and sheep markets, to the Railways Commissioner for inclusion in the Adelaide station yard. The transfer in respect of the barracks was effected on 10 February 1917, when there was a provision made for 50 men and their horses, as opposed to 25 at the former place. Of this new venture a report in the morning press expressed certain reservations:

    When the medical and educational tests were passed, the young recruit was drafted either to the barracks at Thebarton or a depot at Port Adelaide. Three years of careful training in the barracks lay ahead. The smartness and efficiency of the mounted men and undisciplined raw recruits from the city and country had to learned in a hard school before the final polish made them fit for duty in city crowds, at race meetings and to control police districts of their own. Physical qualifications were a minimum height of 5 feet 10 inches, a chest measurement of not less than 37 inches and a weight of not less than 11 stone 2 pounds for the foot police and 10 stone 10 pounds for the mounted constables.

    There were no sisters, maids, or mothers to tidy up after the recruit and the condition of his room - or half of it - was entirely his responsibility. Under the supervision of the authorities mess cooks bought the necessary food and the mess secretary at the end of each month prepared a balance sheet which showed the cost to each man of the provisions. This worked out at about £1 a week. There were no waiters at the mess table and each man went to the kitchen and took a plate on which the cook placed the food.

    Around the walls of the mess room were photographs and paintings of incidents in the history of the nation and the force. Trooper Brockmire, in the uncomfortable looking uniform of 1863, gazed almost wistfully at the modern young men at the tables. A day in the life of a trainee began at 6 am in the summer and 7 am in the winter. ?Stables? was sounded and the recruit got his horse ready for the day?s tasks, grooming, watering and feeding it and cleaning up the stall. Breakfast followed an hour later and then the recruit became a domestic, making his bed and tidying up his own quarters.

    At 10 o?clock the troopers paraded or went to riding school. They had two classes where they studied under Inspector Beerworth or Sergeant-Instructor Partridge. Lunch was taken at noon and the next part of the training began with a 2 pm parade. More drill, followed by sword exercises, physical culture and ju-jitsu training and wrestling occupied the time until 4 pm when ?stables? was ordered again. After caring for their mounts the trainees were ready for tea at 5 pm. There were many other duties to be performed such as cutting chaff for the horses, growing lucerne and crushing all the oats consumed at the barracks.

    The trainees put down a bore and struck water at 130 feet but their labours were in vain for the water was too salty even for irrigation. All the firewood for metropolitan police stations was bought in the country, railed to Adelaide and distributed by the recruits and it was estimated that a saving of 5 shillings per ton was made. Trainees could play billiards at the barracks recreation room and there was a library for those who wanted to read, together with a radio and a phonograph.

    No civilian was employed there, all domestic and other services being performed by the troopers - volunteers were called for many of these jobs. For example, Mounted Constable Ewens satisfied his comrades that he was a competent chef, but if he tired of his duties he was free to return to the ordinary routine. Mounted Constable Jack Connell, the West Adelaide footballer, was the barracks blacksmith in 1933, while the saddler, Mounted Constable Brasted, was an expert and held the position for some years.

    Although fashions had changed, the 1933 trooper wore the same type of cap as his predecessor and still wore a sword on ceremonial occasions. The tunic of the day was almost the same at that of 1840, but a peacock blue Garibaldi jacket, decorated with diamonds of black cloth, was his regulation dress in the summer months.

    "New Police Barracks" is in the Register,
    9 September 1913, page 10c,
    9 May 1914, page 14h,
    1 February 1915, page 6a,
    22 July 1916, page 9d.
    Historical information on the police barracks on North Terrace is in the Register,
    20 May 1914, page 13b,
    Observer,
    11 July 1925, page 35b.

    "Removing the Police Barrracks" is in the Observer,
    20 January 1917, page 31d,
    "New Police Barracks" on
    10 February 1917, page 49a;
    photographs are in The Critic,
    7 March 1917, page 12.

    Photographs of the old police barracks on North Terrace are in the Chronicle,
    12 March 1927, page 49.

    General Notes

    Also see Port Adelaide - Civic Affairs - Law and Order.

    "The Force in Many Spheres" appears in the Advertiser (special edition),
    1 September 1936, page 54.

    For information on "Women Police" see South Australia - Women- Women Police.

    "When Adelaide Had No Police" is in the Chronicle,
    7 and 14 February 1935, pages 49 and 49,
    "Creation of South Australian Police Force" is in The Mail,
    3 September 1927, page 11a.
    "Soldiers and Police" is in the Observer,
    1 November 1924, page 49c.

    A public meeting in respect of a police force is reported in the Register,
    4 and 11 August 1838, pages 3b and 2c; also see
    Southern Australian,
    4 August 1838, page 3b and
    Register,
    6 June 1840, page 5.
    "The Doings of the Police" appears on
    22 November 1843, page 2b,
    "The Police of SA" on
    30 May 1846, page 2b.

    "Evolution of SA [Police] Uniform" is in the Advertiser,
    27 May 1933, page 9g.

    Information on early police is in the Register,
    24 December 1900, page 6d.

    "Proceedings of Police at Kangaroo Island" is in the Southern Australian,
    27 September 1844, page 2d.

    The names of members of the police force are in the Observer,
    4 January 1845; also see
    6 June 1846, page 7c.

    A letter from a former policeman is in the Register,
    4 August 1847, page 4b:

    "Runaway Sailors and the Police" is in the Register,
    10 November 1847, page 3a.

    "Conduct and Powers of the Police" is discussed in the SA Gazette & Mining Journal,
    30 January 1847, page 2b.

    "The Police and the Publicans" on
    18 March 1848, page 2c,
    19 August 1848, page 2c,
    Register,
    21 April 1854, page 3b,
    Chronicle,
    19 March 1864, page 5b,
    Express,
    28 August 1871, page 3d,
    27 April 1880, page 2b,
    "Indignant Publicans - Hunnish Police Methods" in the Register,
    7 February 1917, page 8g.

    "The Police Inquisition" is in the Register,
    28 November 1849, pages 3c-(supp.) 1d and
    the resignation of Sergeant Varcoe "one of the most active, intelligent and unassuming officers in the force" is reported on
    30 January 1850, page 4b.

    "Resignations in Police Force" is in the Adekaide Times,
    10 and 12 April 1850, pages 3b and 2f.

    "The Police Force" is discussed in the South Australian,
    27 April 1849, page 2b.

    "A Trooper of the Early Days [Mounted Constable James McLean]" is in the Observer,
    23 February 1924, page 58c,
    Register,
    8 and 12 May 1926, pages 7h and 13c.

    "Grievances of the Mounted and Metropolitan Police" are in the Register,
    26 April 1850, page 2c; also see
    6 June 1850, page 3b and
    Adelaide Times,
    4 November 1851, page 3f and
    5 August 1852, page 4:

    "Police Justice" is in the SA Gazette & Mining Journal,
    19 October 1850, page 3a,
    while a discussion on the Colony's police stations appears on
    14 November 1850, page 3b.

    "The Escort Police Force" is in the Adelaide Times,
    10 August 1852, page 3b.
    Also see South Australia - Gold Fever of the 1850s

    "Reduction in Police Force" is in the Register,
    17, 19 and 23 February 1852, pages 2e, 3a and 2e,
    "Proposed Special Constabulary" on
    28 February 1852, page 2e.

    "The Distant Police Stations" is in the Register,
    8 April 1852, page 2e,
    "The Police" on
    19 April 1852, page 3a,
    "The Blacks - The Police" on
    21 April 1852, page 2e,
    Observer,
    22 May 1852, page 7e.

    "The Police and the Executive" is in the Register
    on 10 August 1852, page 3a,
    "The Police" is in the Observer,
    22 May 1852, page 7e.

    "Native Police" is in the Register,
    2 December 1852, page 3e and
    16 November 1855, page 2e,
    Observer,
    17 November 1855, page 5b.

    "Gross Misconduct of Police Constable" is in the Observer,
    12 February 1853, page 3c.

    "Detective Police Force" is in the Register,
    16 March 1853, page 3a,
    23 September 1853, page 2f,
    7 January 1869, page 2g,
    6 February 1869, page 3c.

    "Police Pay" is discussed in the Adelaide Times,
    6 June 1853, page 2d,
    "An Inebriated Policeman" on
    16 July 1853, page 2c.

    A report of a Board of Enquiry into the police is in the Register,
    15 December 1853, page 3d and
    "The State of the Police Force" in the Adelaide Times,
    21 August 1852, page 5b.

    "Drilling the Police" is in the Register,
    17 February 1854, page 3g,
    "The Police of the Colony" on
    27 February 1855, page 2e,
    5 and 28 April 1855, pages 3c and 2e,
    1 and 28 June 1855, pages 3c and 2e.

    "Colonial Police" is in the Observer,
    30 June 1855, page 5e.

    "Elections and the Police" is in the Register, 28 September 1855, page 3d:

    "The Police System" is in the Register,
    6 August 1855, page 3a.

    "The Police Commissioner and Teetotalism" is in the Register,
    8 August 1855, page 3c.
    Also see South Australia - Social Matters - Temperance and Allied Matters

    "The Police Reward Fund" is in the Register,
    1 February 1856, page 2c,
    "Police Reform" on
    7 February 1856, page 2b,
    "Police Violence" on
    24 March 1856, page 2f.

    "The Police Commissioner's Report" is in the Observer,
    9 February 1856, page 6h,
    "Police Theories" on
    1 March 1856, page 6d,
    "Police Returns" on
    10 May 1856, page 6g,
    "Suburban Police" on
    5 July 1856, page 1c (supp.).

    "Police Violence" is in the Register,
    24 March 1856, page 2f,
    "Police Protection" on
    17 and 21 September 1857, pages 3h and 2e,
    "Police and the Natives" on
    26, 28 and 30 November 1857, pages 3f, 3f and 3a,
    Observer,
    5 December 1857, page 2f (supp.).

    "Police Protection for the Country" is in the Register on
    6 April 1858, page 2f,
    "Police and the Fires" on
    19 February 1859, page 2f.

    "The Police" is in the Observer,
    24 July 1858, page 1e (supp.).

    "The Police Rate Bill" is in the Observer,
    25 June 1859, page 6f,
    16 July 1859, page 5a.

    "The Police Force" is in the Observer,
    30 July 1859, page 5f,
    Register,
    10 February 1860, page 2g,
    3 July 1861, page 2c,
    18 May 1863, page 2d.

    "A Visit to the Armoury" is in the Chronicle,
    24 November 1860, page 3d.

    "Wilful Murder of Inspector Pettigrew at Government House" is in the Chronicle,
    8 February 1862, page 3c.

    "The Policeman and Licensed Teachers" is in the Register,
    16 March 1863, page 2b.

    A poem entitled "The Police and the Eight-Hour Law" is in the Register,
    4 December 1863, page 3d.

    "Police Protection in the North" is in the Register,
    12 December 1863, page 2f,
    "Police Duties" on
    5 January 1864, page 2f,
    "Police Morality" on
    27 November 1865, page 2f.

    "Police Pay" is in the Register,
    22 January 1866, page 3e
    "Police and the Footpads" on
    21 and 24 July 1866, pages 2c and 3a,
    "Cost and Efficiency of the Police Force" on
    26 July 1866, page 2d.

    "The Metropolitan Police is in the Observer,
    2 and 9 January 1864, pages 4h and 4e,
    Register,
    2, 5 and 8 January 1864, pages 2d, 2f and 2g.

    "Cost and Efficiency of the Police Force" is in the Register,
    26 July 1866, page 2d.

    "The Police Force" is discussed in the Advertiser,
    10 August 1866, page 2f.

    "The Policeman - By an Amateur Reporter in the Law Courts" is in the Register,
    20 August 1866, page 3h,
    Observer,
    18 August 1866, page 2h:

    "Police Protection" is in the Observer,
    22 September 1866, page 6b.

    "The Commissioner of Police" is in the Chronicle,
    8 and 22 September 1866, pages 1g (supp.) and 1e (supp.).

    "The State of the Police Force" is in the Register,
    5 and 21 October 1866, pages 2c and 2b-e,
    30 January 1867, page 2c,
    1 March 1867, page 2d.

    "The Police Force" is in the Register,
    21 November 1866, page 2b-e,
    11 January 1868, page 2d,
    Chronicle,
    1 February 1868, page 12g.

    "Police Promotion" is discussed in the Register,
    9 November 1866, page 2b,
    "A Detective Police" on
    1 February 1867, page 2c,
    Chronicle,
    23 November 1867, page 4b,
    Register,
    22 January 1868, page 2d,
    "The Police Force" on
    11 January 1868, page 2d.

    "The Police Committee" is in the Advertiser, 31 January 1867, page 2e:

    "The Police Force" is in the Chronicle,
    1 February 1868, page 12g.

    "The Police and Discharged Prisoners" is in the Register,
    20 April 1869, page 2h.

    A dinner in honour of Sub-Inspector Foelsche is reported in the Register,
    16 December 1869, page 3a.
    An obituary of Paul Foelsche is in the Express,
    2 February 1914, page 4h.

    "The Police and the Rioters" is in the Register,
    11 March 1870, page 4d.

    Riots in the City Streets

    (Taken from Geoffrey H. Manning's A Colonial Experience)

    Editorial note: In this extract Mr Manning uses the voice of his fictional narrator of A Colonial Experience.
    It was pointed out several months ago that men were demanding work or food at the corners of the streets, and it was asked why the ministry did not do what had to be done on similar cases twice before since the introduction of responsible government - that was to supply a labour test at some moderate distance from town. It was shown that this had checked the evil [of street meetings and demonstrations] on previous occasions, and that, if used at once, it would probably have the same effect now.

    But instead of this nothing was done by the authorities, excepting that a very illogical and somewhat irritating letter was issued from the Destitute Board. The government, in fact, sat still with their usual masterly inactivity until a number of unemployed in and around the city had increased to three or four hundred, and then they were forced hurriedly to obtain the assistance of the Corporation, who, on being supplied with Government funds, employed a number of men...

    Such, then, is the muddle into which the Government have got through a disinclination to grapple with the difficulty when it first presented itself...

    By 1870 it was apparent that this situation had not improved and unemployment agitation assumed 'new and more exciting' phases. On 28 February 1870 the Commissioner of Public Works offered, through a deputation, to employ those who wished to work in trenching the New Asylum paddock at piece work rates.

    This proposal did not satisfy the men at the time and on the following Tuesday a crowd 'consisting chiefly of strong, healthy-looking, able-bodied labourers' gathered outside the Treasury Buildings.

    It was soon evident that they were in an angry mood and twenty policemen were summoned; they had no sooner arrived when the men, including many from the suburbs, invaded the building and commenced ascending the staircase, shouting, howling and vowing vengeance upon the Government. The policemen formed a cordon and attempted to clear the passages when a number of public servants came to their assistance and, by sheer strength, succeeded in expelling labourers and the police indiscriminately, and then all the doors were securely bolted.

    Exasperated at the defeat of their attempt to gain the presence of the Ministers, the assemblage endeavoured to hustle the Commissioner of Public Works; the Commissioner of Police interposed and Mr Colton retired judiciously. Mr Hamilton, as a precautionary measure, then sent for a body of the mounted police. By midday there were over 200 labourers present, together with a large concourse of spectators, who jammed the footpaths awaiting avidly further developments.

    Finally, the men decided to rush the stores and about 100 of them formed in rough order in the middle of the street but, with a sudden change of heart, they betook themselves to the vacant space on the Town Hall Acre where one of their number, taking his stand on a mud-cart, harangued them in language which evidently met with general approbation. He said that they were ready to work but that 1/10 (18 cents) a day was insufficient to meet the needs of themselves and families for it would barely suffice to buy food let alone rent, firewood and other necessaries.

    Amidst general cheering he advised all pick and shovel men to get their tools, reform at one o'clock, and demand work or bread. The mob then dispersed and vowed to return in the afternoon. At 1.30 they gathered and marched towards the Treasury where more than a score of policemen essayed to hold the steps against them, only to be pushed aside and a most vigorous effort was made to drive into the Treasury door, which shook before the pressure brought to bear against it.

    A melee ensued, the police drew their truncheons and mounted troopers arrived at the gallop and speedily cleared the pavement. The men then reassembled opposite the old and new Post-Office buildings; stones were propelled and nearby shopkeepers put up their shutters, arrests were made and the fracas continued; finally, order was restored by the police aided and abetted by peaceable citizens.

    "The Case of Corporal O'Brien" is in the Register,
    9 December 1871, page 5c.

    "An Over-Zealous Police Officer" is in the Register,
    15 and 29 June 1872, pages 4f and 4f,
    6 July 1872, page 4f.

    "Charge Against the Police" is in the Chronicle,
    10 August 1872, page 11e.

    The dismissal of a police sergeant is reported in the Register,
    19 August 1872, page 5a.

    "The New Police and Customs Office" is in the Register,
    23 September 1872, page 5e.

    "The Police Enquiry" is in the Register,
    21 and 22 November 1872, pages 4e and 4f,
    11 December 1872, pages 4e-5e.

    A meeting of the Adelaide Corporation to discuss "some control over the police" is reported in the Express,
    30 August 1872, page 3e.

    "The Police Commission" is in the Chronicle,
    14 December 1872, page 5.

    "The Police Force Again" is in the Register,
    8 and 11 January 1873, pages 4d and 5c.

    "Ex-Sergeant Etheridge and the Police" is in the Register,
    23 January 1873, page 4e,
    8 February 1873, page 6b.

    "The Police Force and Its Duties" is in the Register,
    19 July 1873, pages 4f-6b.

    "The Police Force and Its Treatment of Alleged Offenders" is in the Observer,
    26 July 1873, pages 10a-13f.

    "Case of H.L. Galbraith" is in The Irish Harp,
    29 August 1873, page 4c; also see
    Express,
    25 October 1872, page 2e,
    22 and 26 August 1873, pages 2a and 3b.

    "The Duties of District Constables" is in the Observer,
    15 August 1874, page 13d.

    "Police Wanted in the North" is in the Chronicle,
    12 January 1878, page 5e,
    "Police Protection in the Very Far North" is in the Observer,
    20 April 1878, pages 10a-11c.

    "Clever Capture of Burglars by Police" is in the Chronicle,
    21 September 1878, page 3c.

    "Alexander Tolmer and Bushrangers" is in the Observer,
    21 and 28 December 1878, pages 12e and 10g,
    4, 11 and 18 January 1879, pages 20g, 13a and 11a,
    1 February 1879, page 11c.
    Interesting letters from Alexander Tolmer covering the subject of police in South Australia are in the Register,
    8, 12 and 23 July 1881, pages 2b (supp.), 7b and 2a (supp.); also see
    30 July 1881, page 3b (supp.),
    17 October 1881, page 1d (supp.); also see
    Express, 14 May 1881, page 3b.

    "Messrs Tolmer and Alford and the Police of Victoria" is in the Observer,
    4 and 11 January 1879, pages 20e and 13a.

    "An Extraordinary Case" is in the Observer,
    9 August 1879, page 2f,
    6 and 13 September 1879, pages 12e and 21g.

    "The Willows and the Police" is in the Express,
    10 February 1880, page 2a.

    "An Indefatigable Trooper" is in the Observer,
    17 April 1880, page 654e.

    A poem on "The Policeman" is in The Lantern,
    30 October 1880, page 9,
    6 June 1885, page 21,
    21 August 1886, page 19.

    A presentation to Inspector Searcy is reported in the Register,
    15 March 1881, page 5c,
    to ex-Commissioner George Hamilton on
    30 June 1881, page 6d.

    An editorial on police commissioners, etc, is in the Advertiser,
    1 July 1881, page 4e.

    A monument to the memory of Trooper Pearce is reported in the Express,
    23 May 1881, page 2c,
    6 December 1881, page 2d,
    Observer,
    28 May 1881, page 947b.

    The shooting of PC James Wall is reported in the Register,
    7 and 8 November 1881, pages 5c and 4g.

    "Police and the Public House" is in the Register,
    31 January 1882, page 4e.
    "The Police and the Criminal Class" on
    4 January 1883, page 4e.

    "Police Statistics" is in the Register,
    3 March 1882, page 4e,
    "The Police Force" on
    10 March 1882, page 4d.

    "The Caledonian Society and the Police" is in the Register,
    11, 14 and 18 April 1882, pages 4b-5d, 6f and 6f.

    "The Commissionership of Police" is in the Register,
    27 May 1882, page 4f.

    Sketches of police marksmen at Gladstone are in Frearson's Weekly,
    2 December 1882, page 682.
    A police prize shooting competition is reported in the Observer,
    1 March 1884, page 2e.

    "The Police and the Criminal Class" is in the Register,
    4 January 1883, page 4e.

    An inspection of the force by the governor is reported in the Register,
    1 March 1883, page 6g.

    Information on a Mr Lorymer who joined the police force in 1838 is in the Register,
    19 March 1883 (supp.), page 2b.

    Information on a police manual is in the Observer,
    14 April 1883, page 37a.

    Information on the Police Shinty Club is in the Observer,
    14 June 1884, page 18f.
    Also see South Australia - Sport - Shinty

    Sketches of the mounted police are in the Pictorial Australian in
    November 1884, page 172.
    "The Mounted Police Question" is in the Observer,
    16 April 1887, page 29c.

    "Our Police Force" is in the Express,
    27 November 1884, page 3d,
    Register,
    13 December 1884, page 7b,
    Observer,
    20 December 1884, page 13b.
    A history of the police force is in the Register,
    27 November 1884, page 5f.
    A correspondent commented upon it on
    13 December 1884, page 7b:

    An informative letter from an ex-policeman is in the Register,
    1 February 1886, page 7h; also see
    3 February 1886, page 6g,
    26 June 1891, page 5a.

    The formation of a police band is reported upon in the Express,
    5 March 1884, page 2d,
    a concert in the Express,
    29 January 1886, page 3g,
    Chronicle,
    13 November 1886, page 15e,
    25 April 1889, page 15g,
    Express,
    19 November 1901, page 4d;
    a photograph of a band is in the Pictorial Australian in
    February 1895, page 36,
    Chronicle,
    31 January 1903, page 44,
    Information on the Police Brass Band is in the Register,
    18 and 20 April 1895, pages 6e and 6g.
    "Abolition of Police Band Threatened" is in the Advertiser,
    29 May 1909, page 10i; also see
    Register,
    29 May 1909, page 9d.

    Rumours of disbandment were abroad in May 1909 when it was said that:

    Information on the Police Band

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    "Police Inspection" is in the Register,
    25 May 1885, page 6c.

    "The Police and Prostitution" is in the Express,
    22 April 1885, page 3f.
    Also see Adelaide - Prostitution

    "Alleged Persecution by Inspector Bee" is in the Observer,
    4 July 1885, page 34a; also see
    5 February 1887, page 40d.

    "Retrenchment in Police Force" is in the Register,
    23 November 1885, page 5a.

    "The Police Force" is in the Register,
    1 and 3 February 1886, pages 7h and 6g.

    "The Detective Force and Mr Cecil Turner" is in the Register,
    16 and 18 March 1886, pages 4h-7h and 6g,
    20 April 1886, page 7h.

    "A Policeman's Funeral [E.J.H. Avery]" is in the Register,
    5 June 1886, page 5e.

    "Management of Our Police Force" is in the Register,
    25 November 1886, page 7e.

    "Policemen as Public Vaccinators" is in the Register,
    15 December 1886, page 6c.
    "Mounted Constables as Vaccinators" is in the Observer,
    22 September 1894, page 30e.

    The reminiscences of G.W. Stuart are in the Chronicle,
    1 January 1887, page 6a;
    an obituary is in the Register,
    23 and 26 June 1891, pages 4g and 5b,
    Observer,
    27 June 1891, page 30e,
    Express,
    23 June 1891, page 3b.

    Sketches of "incidents in the life of a policemen" are in the Pictorial Australian in
    March 1887, page 36,
    of the police court in
    April 1888, page 53.

    A poem titled "The Detective" is in The Lantern,
    23 July 1887, page 19.

    A presentation to ex- Detective Daniel Dunlevie is reported in the Register,
    9 August 1887, page 6h.

    "Police Protection in the Interior" is in the Express,
    24 November 1887, page 3e,
    "The Police" on
    3 October 1888, page 6b.

    "The Jacky Enquiry" is in the Chronicle,
    28 December 1889, pages 9c-22f,
    4, 18 and 25 January 1890, pages 10a-21d-22d, 21f and 4e.

    "The Detective Embezzlement Case" is in the Register,
    14 June 1890, page 4f.

    "The Police Fund" is in the Register,
    29 November 1890, page 4g,
    27 and 29 August 1903, pages 4d and 4i,
    16 September 1903, page 6b,
    17 August 1904, page 4e.

    A police picnic is reported in the Register,
    15 April 1892, page 6d,
    Observer,
    16 April 1892, page 32c,
    Register,
    13 April 1893, page 7g,
    6 March 1895, page 3e,
    Express,
    6 and 7 March 1895, pages 3f and 4a,
    Observer,
    9 March 1895, pages 15d-31d.

    The obituary of police inspector, Bryan Charles Besley, who joined the police force in 1854, is in the Register,
    9 May 1894, page 7d.

    "The Work of the Police - A Field day for the Police Magistrate" is in the Register,
    27 November 1893, page 7h.

    "The Police and Private Totalizators" is in the Register,
    30 November 1893, page 5d.
    Also see South Australia - Social Matters - Gambling - Totalizator

    "Police Work in the Nineties [by Sergeant C. Mitchell]" is in the Register,
    3 August 1928, page 12b.

    "Police on Bicycles" is in the Observer,
    5 November 1892, page 31a,
    17 December 1892, page 26e,
    22 April 1893, page 29c,
    Register,
    20 January 1893, page 7h,
    6 July 1893, page 5c.
    The provision of bicycles to patrolling policemen is discussed in the Register,
    12 December 1892, page 5b,
    8 March 1895, page 5b,
    31 May 1895, page 5e.
    Photographs of a police drill and a bicycle corps are in the Chronicle,
    7 June 1902, page 41,
    The Critic,
    12 June 1907, page 21.

    Mounted Police Cyclists

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    "The Police Report" is in the Register,
    1 September 1893, page 5b.

    "Crime, Real and Imaginary" is in the Register,
    31 October 1893, page 4g.

    "A Year's Work in the Police Force" is in the Register,
    14 September 1894, page 4e.

    "Mounted Constables as Vaccinators" is in the Observer,
    22 September 1894, page 30e.

    Reminiscences of Thomas Coward are in the Register,
    26 June 1891, page 5a,
    29 August 1895, page 3h; also see
    22 and 26 May 1896, pages 3g.
    Similarly, those of Police Trooper Richards appear on
    5 February 1902, page 8d.

    "Early Experiences in the Police Force", the reminiscences of Trooper Edward Tacey, is in the Observer,
    21 and 28 March 1896, pages 34c and 33d.

    "The Harpur Case and Police Difficulties" is in the Register,
    13 and 15 February 1895, pages 4f and 5a.

    "Police Prosecution and Judicial Strictness" is in the Register,
    8 and 9 March 1895, pages 4e and 5b.

    "A Bibulous Constable" is in the Register,
    23 March 1895, page 7e.

    "The Foot Police" is in the Express,
    27 August 1895, page 3f.

    Foot Police

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    An obituary of Detective James A. Lawson is in the Express,
    27 September 1895, page 2f,
    of Commissioner W.J. Peterswald is in the Observer,
    5 September 1896, page 15d.

    "Juvenile Marauders and the Police" is in the Register,
    21 February 1896, page 7c.

    "Early Experiences in the Police", by Edward Tacey, is in the Observer,
    21 and 28 March 1896, pages 34c and 33d.

    The funeral of Constable A. Fopp is reported in the Observer,
    17 October 1896, page 15a.

    "Police Commissioners" is in the Register,
    1 October 1896, page 5c.

    "The Police Superannuation Bill" is in the Register,
    9 December 1896, page 5c.

    Information on the Police Widows' and Orphans' Fund is in the Express,
    16 November 1896, page 2c.

    Police Widows? and Orphans? Fund

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    "Juvenile Crime and the Police" is in the Register,
    27 August 1897, page 4d.

    "Moving on the Policeman" is in the Register,
    19 February 1898, page 4f - "Savagedom evolved the soldier - humanity the policeman".
    "Moving the Policeman" is in the Observer,
    26 February 1898, page 41a.

    "Police Transfers" is in the Express,
    19 February 1898, page 2c.

    "Wanted - Policemen" is in the Register,
    12 and 15 July 1898, pages 4g-5a and 5a:

    "Rogues and Vagabonds - What the Police Are Doing" is in the Register,
    15 and 18 July 1898, pages 5a and 4f.

    "The Late Ex-Sergeant [James] O'Callaghan" is in the Register,
    22 July 1898, page 6i,
    Observer,
    23 July 1898, page 15e.

    Biographical details of Inspector Sullivan are in the Observer,
    5 November 1898, page 16d.
    An interesting account of his service in the SA Police Force is in the Register,
    14 December 1903, page 5d,
    20 July 1904, page 3h.
    An obituary is in the Register,
    6 October 1905, page 7e,
    "The Police and the Public" is in the Register on
    28 July 1898, page 4d.

    " Juvenile Crime and the Police" is in the Register,
    27 August 1897, page 4d.
    "The Policeman's Work and Wages" on 9 September 1898, page 4e.
    "Are South Australians to be Slaves to the Police" on
    11 October 1898, page 4f.

    A police life saving crew is reported upon in the Register,
    20 October 1898, page 4i.

    "The Police and the Public" is in the Register on
    28 July 1898, page 4d,
    "The Policeman's Work and Wages" on
    9 September 1898, page 4e-4i,
    "Are South Australians to be Slaves to the Police" on
    11 October 1898, page 4f.

    A presentation to Sergeant Irwin is in the Express,
    7 July 1899, page 4d,
    Register,
    8 July 1899, page 5d.

    Information on Inspector Saunders is in the Register,
    24 July 1899, page 4h,
    Observer,
    29 July 1899, page 16d,
    Register,
    11 October 1916, page 6g (obit.).

    "Reminiscences of Crime - A Visit to the Police Museum" is in the Register,
    13 January 1899, page 6c,
    "South Australia's Grimmest Museum" in The Mail,
    11 May 1935, page 2.

    The Thieves? Gallery and Police Museum

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    "Points From the Police Report" is in the Register,
    15 September 1899, page 7f.

    "The Police Scandal" is in the Register,
    29 November 1899, pages 4f-9a,
    2 December 1900, page 8i,
    20 and 30 January 1900, pages 11d and 4e,
    "Rowdyism and the Police" on
    13, 16, 18, 19 and 21 June 1900, pages 4e, 8e, 2i, 3c and 3g.

    "The Police Enquiry - Criticism of Procedure" is in the Register,
    11 and 12 December 1899, pages 6i and 4g,
    20 January 1900, page 11d.

    "Police Work in the Nineties", the reminiscences of Sergeant C. Mitchell, is in the Register,
    3 August 1928, page 12b.

    An obituary of Senior Constable Charles A. Miller is in the Express,
    28 February 1900, page 4c.

    "Police Work in the Nineties", the reminiscences of Sergeant C. Mitchell, is in the Register,
    3 August 1928, page 12b.

    "The Detective Force" is in the Register,
    30 January 1900, page 4e.

    The reminiscences of Chief Inspector Bannigan are in the Register,
    4 February 1914, page 7e.

    "Police and Temperance" is in the Register,
    30 March 1900, page 4h.

    "Policeman - and Radiant Noses" is in the Observer,
    31 March 1900, page 30c,
    "Police and Temperance" on
    14 April 1900, page 26d.

    "Rowdyism and the Police" is in the Register,
    13 and 16 June 1900, pages 4e and 8e.

    "Police and the Public" is in the Register,
    22 June 1900, page 6h,
    "Policemen, Offenders and Children" on
    21 September 1900, page 4e.

    Information on a police ambulance is in the Express,
    24 October 1900, page 2c;
    a photograph is in the Chronicle,
    11 July 1935, page 38.

    "Where Should the Police Live?" is in the Register,
    6 November 1900, page 3c.

    The subject of "Fat Policemen" is discussed in a humorous and informative editorial in the Register, 16 August 1901, page 4d:

    Information on early police is in the Register,
    24 December 1900, page 6d.

    A Troopers Life in the Interior [MC M.F. Dowd]" is in the Register,
    19 July 1901, page 7g.

    "Inspection of Northern Police Stations" is in the Register,
    3 December 1901, page 4g.

    The reminiscences of Sergeant Richards are in the Register,
    5 February 1902, page 8d,
    Observer,
    22 February 1902, page 43e.

    Photographs of a police drill and a bicycle corps are in the Chronicle,
    7 June 1902, page 41.

    "Long Service Pay Abolished" is in the Register,
    18 June 1902, page 5a,
    Express,
    18 June 1902, page 3c,
    Observer,
    21 June 1902, page 36a.

    An editorial on "The Police Report" is in the Advertiser,
    5 September 1902, page 4c.

    "The Police and Betting - History of Repressive Measures" is in the Advertiser,
    5 September 1902, page 6h.

    The Police and Betting in Colonial Days

    (Taken from the unpublished reminisences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    Inspector Follsche's "Duties and Recreations" are narrated in the Register,
    19 January 1903, page 6g.

    "Shooting a Constable [James Murphy]" is in the Register,
    25 February 1903, page 5e.

    Information on the duties of Mounted Constable Birt in the Far North is in the Observer,
    14 March 1903, page 39d,
    12 March 1904, page 40a.

    "Policemen's Houses" is in the Register,
    23 June 1903, page 4g.

    "Police and Criminals" is in the Register,
    4 September 1903, pages 4c-5c.

    The reminiscences of Inspector Hunt, including gold escort duty, are in the Register,
    30 December 1903, page 4h,
    4 January 1904, page 6h,
    22 August 1904, page 4g.

    The obituary of Sub-Inspector Doyle appears in the Register
    17 September 1904, page 7a
    (a photo is in the Chronicle,
    24 September 1904, page 28),
    of Sub-Inspector Field in the Register,
    12 February 1906, page 6b,
    Senior Inspector Hunt on
    24 July 1913, page 6g.

    "Police Force Promotions" is in the Register,
    30 August 1904, page 3c.

    Photographs of Constables W. Hipwell, H. Molloy and F. Clark are in The Critic,
    25 January 1905, page 8.

    A presentation to Detective Northridge is reported upon in the Register,
    29 and 31 March 1906, pages 7h and 8f.

    "Lifes Rugged Ways - Police Court Features" is in the Register on
    25 August 1906, page 10d,
    "How a Policeman is Trained" on
    17 May 1907, page 6d,
    "The Policeman's Lot - Great Risks and Small Compensation" on
    4 April 1908, page 7b.

    Information on and a `photograph of the funeral of Constable King are in the Chronicle,
    4 April 1908, pages 29 and 41a,
    Observer,
    4 April 1908, page 29.

    A photograph of metropolitan police on parade is in The Critic,
    12 June 1907, page 8.

    "The Police and the Law" is in the Register,
    18 October 1907, page 4d.

    "Parents and Children - and the Policeman" is in the Register,
    21 November 1907, page 8c.

    "The Policeman's Home" is in the Register,
    10 December 1907, page 6h.

    "The Policeman's Lot - Great Risks and Small Compensation" is in the Register,
    4 April 1908, page 7b.

    "Deaths From Non-Natural Causes - Laxity in Informing Police" is in the Register,
    15 April 1908, page 6e.

    "The Police Moiety - Should it be Abolished?" is in the Register,
    15 July 1908, page 7d; also see
    27 February 1909, page 14d.

    "Police and Hotels" is in the Register,
    3 February 1909, page 4e.

    "Policemen" is in the Register,
    29 January 1909, page 4c,
    "Police and Crime" on
    11 March 1909, page 4c,
    "Police - Crime - Morals" on
    4 May 1909, page 4b.

    "The Police Force" is in the Register,
    12, 14, 16, 18, 22 and 23 June 1909, pages 7a, 6g, 6e, 6f and 3e,
    20 November 1909, page 15g.

    "What Policemen Do" is in the Register on
    14 June 1909, page 3h,
    "The Police" on
    22 September 1909, page 4c,
    "The Police Force - History, Duty and Risks" on
    10 September 1910, page 6b.

    "A Cruel Libel - Verdict for a Constable" is in the Register,
    17 June 1909, page 9a.

    "The Late Constable Hyde - Oak Tree Planted in His Memory" at Eastry Street, Marryatville is reported in the Advertiser,
    5 August 1909, page 12c;
    a photograph of a memorial is in the Chronicle,
    14 August 1909, page 31.

    "The Police and Social Legislation" is in the Advertiser,
    29 September 1909, page 6c,
    "Police and Liquor Laws" on
    29 September 1909, page 6h.

    "The Police" is in the Register,
    14 and 16 December 1910, pages 6d-8f and 5f-8h,
    "Habitual Criminals" on
    7 April 1911, page 4b.

    "Police Administration - Strong Criticism" is in the Register,
    29 September 1909, page 11a; also see
    30 September 1909, page 8d,
    8 and 9 October 1909, pages 6f and 15h.

    "The Police Force" is in the Register,
    2 and 30 December 1909, pages 5d and 9a,
    Observer,
    4 December 1909, page 45c.
    "The Police" is in the Register,
    14 and 16 December 1910, pages 6d-8f and 5f-8h,
    "Habitual Criminals" on
    7 April 1911, page 4b.

    A photograph of Inspectors Orr and Burchell, and the Commissioner of Police, M. Raymond, is in The Critic,
    15 June 1910, page 9.

    "Country Mounted Constables" is in the Register,
    3 and 7 September 1910, pages 15e and 8i.

    "The Police Force - History, Duties and Risks" is in the Register,
    10 September 1910, page 8 (includes photographs).

    "Dissatisfaction in Police Force" is in the Observer,
    17 December 1910, page 34c.

    "The Police" is in the Register,
    15 and 16 December 1910, pages 6d-8f and 5f-8h.

    "The Police Force - Shockingly Undermanned" is in the Advertiser,
    8 July 1911, page 19d,
    "The Police Force - How it is Worked" on
    9 September 1911, page 7a.

    "The Police Force" is in the Register on
    17, 18 and 27 July 1911, pages 10f, 8f and 5f,
    "The Police" on
    23 May 1912, page 4e,
    "A Plea for the Police" on
    30 July 1912, page 5f.

    "The Police Report" is in the Register,
    25 August 1911, page 4c.

    A photograph of a tug-of-war team is in the Express,
    26 September 1912, page 8.

    "Pensions for Police" is in the Observer,
    9 November 1912, page 51e,
    "Police Pensions" in the Register,
    28 and 29 September 1916, pages 10c and 4e,
    "Pensions for the Police" is in the Register,
    27 June 1917, page 7b.

    "Light and Shade - Police Court Snapshots" is in the Register,
    5 December 1912, page 9a,
    "Police Spies" on
    5, 19 and 20 December 1912, pages 12f, 9i and 5g.

    "A Perjured Constable" is in the Advertiser,
    9 December 1912, page 14f.

    "The Mounted Police" is in the Register,
    1 February 1913, page 7b,
    Observer,
    8 February 1913, page 48d,
    "The Police Force - New Legislation Proposed" on
    14 June 1913, page 39a.

    "Powers of the Police" is in the Register,
    7 and 8 January 1913, pages 6e(8e?)-9e and 11a,
    Advertiser,
    26 August 1913, page 8c,
    "The Police" in the Register,
    27 August 1913, page 12d.

    "Outposts of the Police", the reminiscences of M/C M.F. Doudy, is in the Register,
    30 April 1913, page 4c.

    "The Police Force - Some Defects" is in the Register,
    11 June 1913, page 13c.

    "The Police" is in the Register,
    30 October 1913, page 6d.

    "The Police Force - Improved System Required" is in the Register,
    21, 22, 23 and 24 January 1914, pages 7c, 8f, 8g and 16g,
    "The Police Force" on
    28 January 1914, page 6c,
    12 February 1914, page 7a.

    An obituary of Mr Paul Foelsche is in the Express,
    2 February 1914, page 4h.

    "The Detective Section" is in the Register,
    23 January 1914, page 8g.

    Photographs of an inspection of members of the force are in the Chronicle,
    6 June 1914, page 29; also see
    3 July 1916, page 30,
    Observer,
    9 September 1916, page 26.

    Reminiscences of William Curtis, a former police constable, of "A Notorious Criminal" are in the Register,
    19 June 1914, page 9a,
    "Old-Time Police Methods", the reminiscences of G.(J.?) Whiting, on
    16 January 1915; also see
    26 April 1915, page 5a
    (his obituary appears on
    6 January 1916, page 4g).

    A tribute to Sergeant-Instructor Rose is in the Observer,
    14 August 1915, page 44a.

    "Soldiers, Police and Publicans" is in the Register,
    22 January 1916, page 8d.

    "More Police Promotions - A New Regime" is in the Observer,
    1 July 1916, page 20b.

    Photographs are in the Observer,
    5 June 1915, page 27,
    7 July 1917, page 24,
    9 July 1921, page 23,
    12 September 1921, page 24.

    Photographs of the commissioner, T. Edwards, Superintendent E.W. Priest, Inspector D. Fraser, Inspector Blake, Inspector P. O'Connor, Inspector J. Beare and Inspector Wellington are in The Critic,
    28 June 1914, page 14;
    the retirement ceremony of Mr Raymond on
    5 July 1916, page 15; also see
    4 July 1917, page 13.

    The retirement of Inspector Clode is reported in the Register on
    20 July 1915, page 11b;
    his reminiscences appear on
    21 February 1917, page 7g and
    his obituary on
    9 September 1919, page 4g.
    A photograph of the inspector and members of the Far North Division is in the Chronicle,
    21 September 1912, page 35,
    Observer,
    17 May 1924, page 48b.

    "The Police Force - The Retiring Members" is in the Advertiser,
    14 June 1916, page 7a; also see
    23 June 1916, page 7a,
    Express,
    3 March 1919, page 2e.

    "Police Officers Roll of Honour" is in the Register,
    30 November 1916, page 6e.

    "The Police Force" is in the Register,
    2 March 1917, page 5f.

    "Pensions for the Police" is in the Register,
    27 June 1917, page 7b.

    "Retiring Police Officers Farewelled" is in the Register,
    30 June 1917, page 6h.

    "A Shortage of Men" is in The Mail,
    8 December 1917, page 4a.

    Biographical details of Inspector A. Kelly are in the Observer,
    10 November 1917, page 29a.

    "Police and Criminals" is in the Register,
    14 March 1918, page 6d-e.

    "Serious Police Crisis" is in the Register,
    16, 17, 19, 25 and 26 September 1918, pages 7a, 4c-5a-7g, 5b, 6c and 7d,
    1, 10 and 28 October 1918, pages 4h and 4c.
    "The Police Trouble - Final Demands to Government" is in the Observer,
    21 September 1918, page 36b.
    "Police Force Will Resign - Wages Insufficient" is in the Advertiser,
    16 and 20 September 1918, pages 7b and 7b,
    10 October 1918, page 5b.

    "Police Force Will Resign - Wages Insufficient" is in the Advertiser,
    16 and 20 September 1918, pages 7b and 7b,
    10 October 1918, page 5b.

    "Policemen Charged With Burglary" is in the Observer,
    19 and 26 October 1918, pages 19a and 17d.

    "The Police Force" is in the Register,
    21 February 1919, page 4c,
    4 March 1919, page 7e.

    "Police retirements - Eleven Septuagenarian Officers" is in the Register,
    25 April 1919, page 7f.
    "Farewell and Presentations" is in the Observer,
    5 July 1919, page 19a.

    "Police Complaints" is in the Register,
    1 May 1919, page 6c,
    "The Police" on
    20 June 1919, page 8g.

    The retirement of Sub-Inspector Charles Le Lievre appears in the Register on
    30 June 1919, page 8c and
    "Memories of an Old Police Officer", Mr C. Le Lievre, is in the Register,
    15, 18, 22 and 29 August 1925, pages 10c, 13a, 13a and 5a,
    11, 17, 22, 26 and 30 September 1925, pages 20d, 4a, 10f, 10d and 13c,
    6, 7, 15, 16 and 31 October 1925, pages 12a, 12f, 10c, 13d and 15c,
    14 November 1925, page 9a.

    The retirement of Inspector James Rolland is reported in the Register,
    15 August 1919, page 7c.

    "The Police Report" is in the Register, 5 September 1919, page 6c.

    "Detectives and Murder Cases" is in the Register,
    5 September 1919, page 6f.

    "The Police Force - Causes of Dissatisfaction" is in the Register,
    20 and 24 May 1920, pages 7d and 8f,
    Observer,
    22 and 29 May 1920, pages 33e and 29b.

    "Torches for Policemen" is in the Register,
    18 August 1920, page 4h.

    "The Police Force" is in the Register,
    11 June 1921, page 8f,
    "The Police Report" on
    21 October 1921, page 6e.

    "Spectacular Police Parade" is in the Express,
    29 June 1921, page 1e.

    "New Police Regulations" is in the Register,
    9 December 1921, page 6g.

    Information on the retired Police Officers' Association is in The News,
    27 December 1923, page 1f.
    A photograph of retired police officers is in the Observer,
    15 July 1922, page 23.

    "Memories of an Old Police Officer", Mr C. Le Lievre, is in the Register,
    15, 18, 22 and 29 August 1925, pages 10c, 13a, 13a and 5a,
    11, 17, 22, 26 and 30 September 1925, pages 20d, 4a, 10f, 10d and 13c,
    6, 7, 15, 16 and 31 October 1925, pages 12a, 12f, 10c, 13d and 15c,
    14 November 1925, page 9a.

    The reminiscences of Sub-Inspector Whitters are in the Register on
    1 July 1921, page 7g,
    29 October 1921, page 11a,
    10, 15, 21 and 28 November 1921, pages 10d, 9d, 3g and 5f,
    29 December 1921, page 4h,
    4, 6, 7, 16 and 30 January 1922, pages 9f, 5d, 9b, 9b and 3e,
    of Henry Peate on
    19 October 1922, page 10a,
    of Walter Uppington on
    14 August 1925, page 10f.

    "Soldiers and Police" is in the Register,
    15, 20 and 30 October 1915, pages 4h, 6g and 12d,
    "The Police" on
    4 August 1916, page 4c,
    "The Policeman on Point Duty" on
    24 and 25 July 1916, pages 5c and 7c,
    20 January 1917, page 6h.

    Biographical details of Edward Allchurch, a former police officer, are in the Register,
    16 November 1916, page 4g,
    "Pensions for the Police" on
    27 June 1917, page 7b.

    "Police and Criminals" is in the Register,
    14 March 1918, page 4d,
    "Serious Police Crisis" on
    16, 17, 19, 25 and 26 September 1918, pages 7a, 4c-5a, 5b, 7b and 7d,
    1 and 14 October 1918, pages 4c and 5g,
    "The Police Force" on
    21 February 1919, page 4c.

    "Police Retirements" is in the Register on
    25 April 1919, page 7f,
    "Police Complaints" on
    1 May 1919, page 6c,
    "The Police Force" on
    11 June 1921, page 8f.

    Biographical details of Brigadier-General R.L. Leane are in the Express,
    13 May 1920, page 1d.

    "Restless Feeling in the Force" is in The Mail,
    4 February 1922, page 2d,
    "Police Discontent" in the Observer,
    19 August 1922, page 21a.

    "Retiring Police - An Official Goodbye" is in the Advertiser,
    30 June 1922, page 9e.

    "Wonderful Finger Prints" is in the Register,
    29 June 1922, page 7f,
    "Finger Print Art" is in The News,
    19 October 1925, page 6e.

    The reminiscences of Sergeant J.C.H. Williams are in The Mail,
    1 July 1922, page 13a and
    of F.H. Wells on
    19 January 1929, page 10a,
    of Henry Peate in the Observer,
    28 October 1922, page 15d.

    "Police Discontent" is in the Register,
    17 August 1922, page 7e.

    "Police at Play" is in the Register,
    6 November 1922, page 7e,
    7 November 1927, page 7a.

    "Motorists and Police" is in the Register,
    23 November 1922, page 9f; also see
    27 November 1922, page 6e,
    "Police Methods" on
    28 November 1922, page 6d,
    2 and 8 December 1922, pages 8d and 8e.
    "Traffic Policemen" is in The News,
    28 March 1927, page 11e;
    a photograph is in the Observer,
    16 February 1918, page 24,
    10 December 1927, page 3 (supp.).
    "Traffic Police in Plain Clothes" is in The News,
    9 August 1937, page 4d.

    Traffic Police

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    The introduction of police to control the traffic at busy city centres proved to be a great success from the time it was introduced in 1916 and among the first officers on point duty were Constables Lillywhite, Whitfield, Keene, Preston, Golding, Ryan and Curtis, with Sergeant Reiley in command.

    During the first decade of such operations there was only one accident of serious nature to the men employed in that work when a policeman received a severe blow to the arm as the result of a door of a motor van swinging open as the vehicle passed; others had narrow escapes, while Inspector McGrath was to say at the time:

    In 1934 a police constable was detailed to visit schools for the prime purpose of educating children in respect of traffic signals and regulations and the need for their implicit and prompt obedience; the danger to be avoided at particular crossings; the perils of such items as dogs that menace the motorists; sticks thrown into the spokes of motor vehicles; the riding of scooters and tricycles in thoroughfares; games on the roadways and bicycles without lights:

    "Police Methods" is in the Register, 17 December 1926, page 8d.

    "1922 - As the Police Saw It" is in the Observer,
    6 January 1923, page 43.

    Photographs of mounted police are in the Chronicle,
    20 January 1923, page 32,

    "Police Recreation Hall" is in the Register,
    5 December 1923, page 10c.

    The reminiscences of MC. McLean are in the Observer,
    23 February 1924, page 58c,
    8 March 1924, page 57d,
    of a "retired sergeant of police" on
    12 July 1924, page 18c.

    "A Tribute to the Police" is in the Chronicle,
    22 March 1924, page 52a.

    A series of articles on "North-West Police - Pioneer Personalities" commence in the Observer,
    26 April 1924, page 47a; also see
    Chronicle,
    16 and 23 August 1934, pages 8 and 8 -
    names include George Curnow, Bailey, P. Browne, John Bannigan, J.G. Buttfield, Jewell, B.C. Beasley, O'Shanahan, Bernard McCarron and Jenner.
    Biographical details of J.G. Buttfield are in the Chronicle,
    4 February 1937, page 66b..

    "The Trooper's Grey - How it is Trained for Service" is in The Mail,
    20 January 1923, page 7g; also see
    4 February 1933, page 13,
    "Adelaide Greys - Unique Corps of Mounted Police" in the Advertiser,
    6 December 1934, page 10g; also see
    The Mail,
    4 January 1936, page 4.
    "Adventurous Days in the Mounted" is in the Advertiser,
    20 June 1936, page 9c.
    "Training the Police Greys" is in the Chronicle,
    29 July 1937, page 51b.

    The Police Greys

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    In the 1920s everyone knew the trooper?s grey, the one which stepped gingerly along in front whenever you overstepped the safety zone while waiting for a tramcar. They had much to endure, for they suffered the jostling and pushing of crowds without ever thinking of lashing out with their heels, for if they had it would have been disastrous. In alarming circumstances, when a cart horse would be filled with an overwhelming desire to bolt or turn handsprings, the greys which mounted the force were expected to take matters as calmly as they would a mouthful of chaff.

    Naturally, such horses had to be well trained, for to pick one from anywhere and put to the tasks that the troopers? steeds carried out would have courted disaster. And yet, despite the discipline which the animal had to undergo to qualify it for work, a spirit and dash seemed to exude from the arched necks and glossy coats of these noble greys. It was apparent to anyone that there must be something more than a mere ?breaking? of the horse in training. Inspector Birt, who was in charge of the barracks in 1923, said :

    By 1934 the greys were unique and famous throughout Australia, although Melbourne was steadily building up a squadron to rival them. Since the inauguration of the corps by Governor Gawler under Major O'Halloran, in the uniform of the 6th Dragoon Carabiniers as they served at Waterloo, the police of Adelaide rode greys and greys only, augmented on certain occasions, as in the Royal Visit of 1934, by a contingent of country police horses, the second division of bays. Brigadier Leane explained:

    Many were the anecdotes told of the sagacity and almost human intelligence. The horses were said to know the number of their stalls and each one whinnied a welcome when his own rider approached the stables. They knew the difference between crowd duty and vehicle duty, and in strikes and riots they quickly sensed an occasion when gentleness was not their forte.

    But perhaps a story of Superintendent Giles is an easy winner. At one time he was on intermittent duty of Friday nights, first at Rundle Street and sometimes at the markets. The city patrol closed at 11 pm, the markets at 9.30. Giles claimed that the moment the half-hour struck on the post office clock, if he was at the markets, his sagacious grey would put back his ears and wheel for home. If he was at the Rundle Street corner, the horse waited patiently for the last stroke of 11. Nothing in either case would have kept him for a moment after the ?knock-off whistle.?

    A visitor to Adelaide had the following to say, inter alia, about local policemen in the Register, 26 May 1923, page 10f:

    "How Men are Trained for the Force" is in the Advertiser,
    21 July 1923, page 19a.

    The laying of the foundation stone of the Police Recreation Hall is reported in the Register,
    13 June 1923, page 13d.

    "Athletic Policemen" is in the Register,
    31 August 1923, page 7e.

    "The Police and the Public" is in the Register,
    7 November 1923, page 8c,
    Advertiser,
    3 November 1923, page 13a.

    "North-West Police - Pioneer Personalities" is in the Register,
    15 and 26 April 1924, pages 11f and 7c,
    3, 12 and 31 May 1924, pages 11a, 13e and 11g,
    7 June 1924, page 14g,
    1 and 3 July 1924, pages 12c and 7f.

    "An Appeal Board Wanted" is in the Advertiser,
    11 July 1924, page 16b.

    "Police Carnival - In Aid of Charity" is in the Register,
    3 November 1924, page 11d.

    "The Police Report" is in the Register,
    14 November 1924, page 8d.

    "Alleged Police Discourtesy" is in the Register,
    30 December 1924, page 5g,
    "Police and the Press" on
    17 July 1925, page 8e,
    "Stolen Racehorses - Reminiscent Notes of Mounted Police" on
    1 August 1925, page 7c.

    "Police as Ministers of Mercy" is in The Mail,
    14 March 1925, page 27c.

    "The Police and the Press" is in the Register,
    17 July 1925, page 8e.

    "Port Pirie Police Scandal" is in the Observer,
    18 July 1925, pages 35b-45a and
    15 August 1925, page 28a,
    22 August 1925, page 17e,
    10 October 1925, pages 35b-36c,
    Register,
    8, 11, 14 and 23 July 1925, pages 9c, 9f, 8d and 11a,
    12 August 1925, page 9d,
    10 September 1925, page 13g,
    7 October 1925, pages 10d-11f.

    Photographs of a charity carnival on the Jubilee oval are in the Observer,
    14 November 1925, page 32.

    "Finger Print Art" is in The News,
    19 October 1925, page 6e.

    Fingerprinting

    ?By their thumbprints ye shall know them.? This parody on a well-known quotation describes aptly in a few words how it was that the work of criminal investigators of many police departments was made much easier. In 1882, Dr Alphonse Bertillon, a prominent French anthropologist was made chief of the identification bureau in Paris and he introduced a most elaborate and complex system, the main features of which consisted of measuring, under prescribed conditions, of the most characteristic dimensions of the bony structure of the human body, especially those parts which do not change after a person reaches a certain age, together with an exact description of the features, bodily shape and physical peculiarities resulting from disease, accident, deformity, or artificial disfigurement such as moles, warts, scars, tattoo marks, etc.

    While his was all but a nigh perfect system there were several drawbacks and was, therefore, not adopted in Australia. About 1888 a system of finger and thumb prints was first propounded in England by Mr Francis Galton, who proved that no two human beings have precisely similar ridges or skin markings on the inner side of the thumb and fingers. Scotland Yard authorities adopted this scheme but it was not until 1902 that finger prints were tendered as evidence in a criminal court.

    When interviewed in 1902 the South Australian Commissioner of Police, Colonel Madley said that Galton?s system had been given a trial here for four or five years but was dropped because ?the authorities had never had necessity for utilising it? and because it was useless for one State to adopt it unless all the other States did likewise. Mr W.T. Lingwod Smith joined the police force on 1 September 1888 and, singularly enough, it was about this time that the then Assistant Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police, Mr E.R. Henry, formulated a finger print system which enabled him to discard the whole of the Bertillon and Galton methods and which, owing to its suitability for police requirements, is the one in general use today. Mr Smith recalled in 1922:

    By 1932 fingerprinting and photographic work was done by three men who did nothing else and their skill was said to be second to none in Australia. During 1931, of the 3,300 persons whose fingerprints were dealt with, 1,252 were identified as having been previously convicted.

    "Suburban Police - Men of Many Duties" is in the Observer,
    13 February 1926, page 18d.

    "Police Bribing Charges" is in the Register,
    3 March 1926, page 8e.

    "Confessions and the Police" is in the Register,
    11, 13, 15, 16, 20 and 23 March 1926, pages 8b-9a, 9a, 9a, 10c, 11f and 11e.

    "Police Bribing Charges" is in the Register,
    3 March 1926, page 8e.
    "Bribery Charges Against Police" is in the Register on
    4 June 1926, page 10a,
    "The Bribery Enquiry" on
    5 October 1926, page 10e; also see
    15 February 1927, page 13e,
    12 March 1927, page 15c,
    14 April 1927, page 12c,
    28 July 1927, pages 8c-9a,
    4 and 6 August 1927, pages 8e and 9e,
    22 September 1927, page 11h,
    4 May 1928, page 13d.

    "Police Methods" is in The News,
    17 September 1926, page 8c.

    "The Value of the Police Force" is in the Advertiser,
    30 September 1926, page 11e.

    "Police Reorganization - Strong Condemnation" is in the Register on
    13 October 1926, page 9f,
    "Police and Drink" on
    2 and 16 December 1926, pages 9e and 9a,
    "Police Troubles - Men Express Discontent" on
    15 December 1926, page 11h.

    Obituaries of Detective W.J. Slade and Sub-Inspector S. Wellington are in the Observer,
    26 March 1927, page 48c.
    "Police Riflemen" is in the Advertiser,
    6 April 1927, page 17d,
    "Police Charity Carnival" on
    7 November 1927, page 12e.

    "Hovels, Not Houses - Complaints From Country Police" is in the Register,
    29 April 1927, page 11c.

    "Work of SA Detectives" is in The Mail,
    1 October 1927, page 3c.

    The Detectives

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    The smallest, but not the least important, branch of the police force was that section known generally as the ?D?s? - a contraction said to have emanated from the criminal classes, who found in the first letter of their prototype, the father of all wrong, an expressive term to describe a body of men they looked upon as their natural enemies. Indeed, they were said to be distinct from the rest of the force.

    The department was ?virtually initiated by Inspector Peterswald when he rejoined the force.? As I discussed above, prior to that time detectives existed, but it was the custom then to take men from the ranks of the special service. This did not promote efficiency and gradually the incapable men were weeded out and others who were prominent for their shrewdness and tact were, after proper training, placed in the detectives? ranks.

    Associated with the ?D?s? were the ?plain-clothes men? and among their special duties was to keep a strict watch over the juvenile portion of the community and to take special care to repress any acts of larrikinism. Chasing small boys may not have been said to be dignified work, nor at the most very soul-satisfying, but, to say the least, it must have been exciting, especially in consideration of the fact that the young urchins seemed to regard a policeman as an object of derision and a fair butt for all those irritating personal remarks which they delighted to utter when at a safe distance:

    Some very bad cases occurred here, but it was generally considered that the juveniles of Adelaide, although bad enough, did not have the criminal propensities which marked the roughs of Melbourne and Sydney:

    This branch, designated as the ?Detective Office? retained that title until the 1950s when it became known as the Criminal Investigation Branch.

    "A Country Police Station - Experiences of Long Ago" is in the Register,
    31 December 1927, page 5f,
    9, 21 and 26 January 1928, pages 13a, 12a and 12d,
    6, 13 and 21 February 1928, pages 15a, 14d and 11f.

    "Specialised Training for Police" is in The News,
    19 January 1928, page 5d.

    "Country Police - Antiquated Equipment" is in the Register,
    21 February 1928, page 9d.

    "Policemen and Half-Lies" is in the Register,
    9 and 24 March 1928, pages 8c and 13d,
    "Honesty and the Police" on
    4 May 1928, page 13d.

    "Police Methods [Queried]" is in the Register,
    20 and 24 March 1928, pages 12f and 13d.

    "Black Maria - Story of Her Life" is in the Register,
    23 and 25 May 1928, pages 10h and 10e,
    Observer,
    2 June 1928, page 22d.
    Photographs are in the Chronicle,
    26 May 1928, page 45.

    "Maintenance of Police - Extra Levies on Municipal Bodies" is in The Mail,
    30 June 1928, page 11f.

    "Country Police - Antiquated Equipment" is in the Observer,
    25 February 1928, page 34d,
    "Outback Police" in The Mail,
    27 October 1928, page 2e.

    The reminiscences of Sergeant C. Mitchell are in the Observer,
    11 August 1928, page 21e.

    "Long Police Hunt - Dog Scalp Payments" is in the Register,
    25 September 1928, page 8f.

    "Police Infallibility" is discussed in the Register,
    14 and 15 December 1928, pages 10c and 10h.

    "Peculiar Pension Regulations" is in the Register,
    12 January 1929, page 11c.

    A proposed Police Institute is discussed in The News,
    13 February 1929, page 8e,
    "Wrong Police Methods" on
    9 December 1929, page 6c.

    "Constable Fatally Wounded" is in the Register,
    25 February 1929, page 3a,
    Chronicle,
    2 March 1929, page 18.

    "Police as Censor" is in the Register,
    16 May 1929, page 6c.

    "Adelaide Detective Turns Novelist" is in the Observer,
    4 January 1930, page 8a.

    "Constable Fined for Assault" is in the Register,
    23 October 1930, page 3d.

    "Police Pay" is in the Advertiser,
    11 March 1931, page 8d,
    "Carrying the Law Into the Wilderness" on
    22 August 1931, page 5h,
    "Police versus Motor Bandits" on
    30 January 1932, page 9g.

    A photograph of a police patrol is in the Chronicle,
    18 June 1931, page 33.

    "Carrying the Law Into the Wilderness" is in the Chronicle,
    27 August 1931, page 50.

    "Inside Workings of the Adelaide Detective Branch" is discussed in the Advertiser,
    23 January 1932, page 9g,
    "Nipping Crime in the Bud" on
    23 January 1932, page 14g.

    "Nitkeepers v the Police" is in the Advertiser,
    12 January 1933, page 9h,
    2 February 1933, page 9h.

    "Police Science versus Lawlessness" is in The Mail,
    10 June 1933, page 13.

    "Wireless and Fast Motor - How Police Are Fighting the Criminal" is in The News,
    18 August 1933, page 6f.

    "Moulding Constables Out of Cadets" is in The News,
    22 November 1933, page 4f.

    Police Cadets

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning)

    "Lives Lost on Duty - Memorial Planned" is in The News,
    18 January 1934, page 7c,
    26 February 1934, page 3c.

    A Memorial Tablet

    In 1934 widespread support was given to a proposal made at a meeting of the Police Association to procure a memorial tablet in honour of policemen who died in the execution of their duty in the 20th century. An outstanding case was that of Mounted Constable George T. Smith who was overcome by fumes when he went down a well at Gumeracha on 31 December 1928 in an attempt to rescue two other victims. Other police officers to be commemorated included:

    In following months an appeal was made for the purchase of a bronze tablet and a tentative design provided for a wreath and the representation of the bust of a mounted constable.

    "Five Adelaide Detectives Who Guarded Royalty" is in The Mail,
    19 May 1934, page 2.

    "Safety First for Children - Traffic Constables to Visit Schools" is in the Advertiser,
    30 June 1934, page 20h,
    12 July 1934, page 8i.

    "Dogs May Aid Police in SA" is in The News,
    29 August 1934, page 4e.

    Tracking Dogs

    (Taken from the unpublished reminiscences of A.R. Calvesbert, edited by Geoffrey H. Manning.)

    "Ask a Policeman" is in The Mail,
    4 August 1934, page 8e,
    "Policemen's Time Off" on
    1 August 1936, page 4.

    "Make Whole State Pay for Police" is in The News,
    5 September 1934, page 4e.

    "Modern Police Must be Men of Education" is in The News,
    7 November 1934, page 6e.

    "Tales of Our North-West Mounted" is in The News,
    17 September 1935, page 8f.

    "Psychology and Science as Aids to Police" is in The News,
    9 January 1936, page 10g.

    "Robot Detectives New Terror for Lawbreakers" is in The News,
    2 November 1936, page 6f.

    "Provision of Police Radio Car" is in the Advertiser,
    26 February 1937, page 26a,
    18 March 1937, page 27c.

    "A College for Policemen" is in the Advertiser,
    15 July 1937, page 16e.

    "Teaching Morse Code to Police" is in The News,
    20 May 1937, page 11c.

    SA - Police - Obituaries

    An obituary of R.P. Pettinger is in the Register,
    24 February 1862, page 6d,
    of Sergeant Wright on
    20 February 1869, page 2d,
    of PC Henry Dunne on
    27 March 1882, page 5a.

    An obituary of Sergeant Berrill is in the Register,
    28 November 1887, page 5c,
    of Sergeant J.R. Ewens in the Register,
    31 October 1888, page 5c,
    Observer,
    3 November 1888, page 29d,
    of Sergeant Teate in the Register,
    5 April 1892, page 4b,
    of ex-Sergeant John Kerr on
    7 and 10 August 1896, pages 5d and 5a,
    of MC Patrick M. Naulty on
    14 March 1899, page 7g,
    of Senior Constable C.A. Miller on
    28 February 1900, page 5c.

    The obituary of police inspector, Bryan Charles Besley, who joined the police force in 1854, is in the Register,
    9 May 1894, page 7d,
    of ex-sergeant John Kerr in the Observer,
    8 August 1896, page 20c.

    An obituary of Detective James A. Lawson is in the Register,
    27 September 1895, page 5c,
    Express,
    27 September 1895, page 2f.

    An obituary of Detective George Burchell is in the Register, 16 and 17 November 1896, pages 5b and 5e.

    An obituary of ex-Sergeant John Mee is in the Observer,
    22 April 1899, page 27a,
    of Constable John Dodds on
    14 February 1903, page 34d,
    of Senior Constable Freeman on
    8 August 1903, page 34a,
    of Foot Constable Paynter on
    26 November 1904, page 34c.

    An obituary of Sergeant R.F. Morris is in the Register, 3 and 4 October 1899, pages 5d and 5c.

    An obituary of Senior Constable Charles A. Miller is in the Express,
    28 February 1900, page 4c,
    Observer,
    3 March 1900, page 51b.

    An obituary of a former Chief Inspector, William Searcy, is in the Register,
    11 February 1901, page 5a,
    of Corporal Patrick Shiels on
    3 January 1902, page 5a,
    of Sub-Inspector Humphris on
    31 August 1905, page 5c,
    4 September 1905, page 4h.

    An obituary of Constable John Dodds is in the Register, 11 February 1903, page 5a.

    An obituary of Sub-Inspector W. Rollison is in the Observer,
    5 April 1902, page 21c,
    of George Innes on
    8 November 1902, page 37a,
    of Corporal W.M. Ockenden on
    16 July 1904, page 34d,
    of Sub-Inspector Humphris on
    2 September 1905, page 38c,
    of Denis Sullivan on
    14 October 1905, page 40d (also see
    The Lantern,
    10 May 1890, page 11),
    of Sub-Inspector Joseph Hampton on
    21 April 1906, page 38c,
    of Constable John D. Renfrey on
    12 September 1908, page 40b.

    An obituary of MC J.C.J. McBeth is in the Register,
    26 and 28 September 1903, pages 5b and 4h,
    of Corporal Cornelius Power on
    9 March 1904, page 4g,
    of Sergeant Richard Phelan on
    26 March 1904, page 7c.

    An obituary of Sub-Inspector Doyle is in the Register,
    17 September 1904, page 7a
    (a photo is in the Chronicle,
    24 September 1904, page 28),
    of Sub-Inspector Field in the Register,
    12 February 1906, page 6b,
    Senior Inspector Hunt on
    24 July 1913, page 6g,
    of Mounted Constable Donegan in the Observer,
    12 May 1906, page 49b,
    of Mounted Constable Williams on
    1 December 1906, page 38b,
    of Henry Holroyd on
    26 August 1911, page 41a,
    of Sergeant Shanahan on
    2 December 1911, page 41e.

    An obituary of Bradshaw Young, ex-policeman and gaol keeper, is in the Register,
    2 and 27 August 1906, pages 4h and 5a,
    Observer,
    1 September 1906,
    of Sergeant John H. James on
    24 November 1917, page 40a.
    The retirement of Mounted Constable Thomas is reported on
    23 November 1907, page 53a.

    An obituary of Mrs Ellen Litchfield, "the wife of the first police inspector", is in the Observer, 11 January 1908, page 40a.

    Information on and a photograph of the funeral of Constable King are in the Chronicle,
    4 April 1908, pages 29 and 41a,
    Observer,
    4 April 1908, page 29.

    An obituary of Constable J.D. Renfrey is in the Register, 8 September 1908, page 7c.

    An obituary of Mounted Constable George Kennings, who server in the 1840s, is in the Observer,
    15 October 1910, page 41a,
    of C.P.H. Nalty on
    24 May 1913, page 41b.

    An obituary of Mounted Constable W. O'S. Brooke is in the Observer, 23 September 1911, page 39a.

    An obituary of MC Chance is in the Register, 27 June 1911, page 4g.

    An obituary of W.H. Drenckham, "one of the most striking personalities of the Adelaide foot police...", is in the Register, 8 October 1912, page 6i.

    An obituary of Constable W.H. Drencken is in the Observer,
    12 October 1912, page 41a,
    of Luke Woodcock on
    1 November 1913, page 41a,
    of W.H. Northridge on
    13 December 1913, page 39a,
    of Sergeant Hans (Hains?) Mack on
    7 and 14 March 1914, pages 41a and 39b,
    of T.P. Richards on
    20 November 1915, page 46b,
    of Mounted Constable William N. Smith on
    19 February 1916, page 41b,
    of Michael Hurley on
    15 April 1916, page 19a,
    of Constable W. Renfrey on
    13 May 1916, page 32e,
    of Senior Constable C. Broughton on
    8 July 1916, page 19a,
    of T.R. Nettle on
    15 July 1916, page 33a,
    of Richard Saunders on
    14 October 1916, page 35b.

    An obituary of James Hogan in the Observer, 29 May 1915, page 45a.

    An obituary of Inspector George Orr is in the Register,
    25 and 26 January 1915, pages 4g and 4f,
    of Detective James Hogan on
    24 May 1915, page 6g,
    of Thomas P. Richards on
    17 November 1915, page 6g,
    of MC Cecil M. MacDonald on
    2 August 1919, page 9a,
    of Constable J.D. Henderson on
    12 August 1919, page 4h.

    An obituary of Constable Renfrey is in the Register,
    8 May 1916, page 4g,
    of Constable Chester Broughton on
    30 June 1916, page 4h,
    of MC W.T. Mowbray on
    23 May 1917, page 6h,
    of William Cate on
    15 August 1917, page 6f,
    of Sergeant John H. James on
    17 November 1917, page 6g.

    An obituary of Inspector Henry Bushell is in the Observer,
    3 February 1917, page 22d,
    of E. Allchurch on
    21 April 1917, page 48d,
    of Mounted Constable W.T. Mowbray on
    26 May 1917, page 33a,
    of Senior Constable W. McDonald on
    14 July 1917, page 19b,
    of William Cate on
    18 August 1917, page 19c,
    of Constable John Beaney on
    23 February 1918, page 12d,
    of Sub-Inspector E.H. Deane on
    5 October 1918, page 19b,
    of Sub-Inspector James Allen on
    13 November 1920, page 19a,
    of H.T. Peate on
    20 December 1924, page 39c.

    An obituary of Constable John Beaney is in the Register,
    16 February 1918, page 6g,
    of Sub-Inspector Deane on
    30 September 1918, page 4g,
    of Det-Sgt William Mitchell on
    7 January 1919, page 4g,
    of Inspector James Allen on
    8 November 1920, page 6h,
    of Constable David Rowley on
    8 July 1921, page 9b,
    of Inspector J.J. Maloney on
    3 June 1922, page 8h,
    of Samuel A. Davis on
    9 January 1923, page 6f,
    of Inspector Benjamin Pethick on
    18 December 1923, page 8h.

    An obituary of Detective-Sergeant William Mitchell is in the Observer,
    11 April 1919, page 31b,
    of Sub-Inspector J.J. Maloney on
    10 June 1922, page 34a,
    of Sub-Inspector Benjamin Pethick on
    22 December 1923, page 43b,
    of Sergeant William Kelly on
    23 August 1924, page 38d,
    of Sergeant P.J. Hansberry on
    4 October 1924, page 38a,
    of Sub-Inspector John Kitson on
    16 June 1928, page 49b.

    An obituary of Charles E. Cowle, who served in the Northern Territory, is in the Observer, 25 March 1922, page 31c.

    An obituary of Sergeant William Kelly is in the Register,
    20 August 1924, page 11f,
    of Thomas N. Edwards, former commissioner, on
    8 September 1924, page 8h,
    of Henry T. Peate on
    11 December 1924, page 8f.

    An obituary of Inspector Arthur Burchell is in the Register,
    8 July 1926, page 10d,
    of Detective W.J. Slade and Inspector Stephen Wellington on
    21 March 1927, page 13b,
    of Sergeant William Ahern on
    27 April 1927, page 8g,
    of MC Francis E. McEwen on
    26 July 1927, page 8g,
    of John C. Delany on
    5 August 1927, page 8h,
    of Inspector John Kither on
    12 June 1928, page 10h,
    of Sergeant James P. Dowling on
    24 December 1928, page 19d.

    An obituary of W.H. Willshire is in the Observer, 5 September 1925, page 45c.

    Obituaries of Detective W.J. Slade and Sub-Inspector S. Wellington are in the Observer,
    26 March 1927, page 48c,
    of H. Allchurch on
    11 January 1930, page 48c,
    of Superintendent W. Nation in the Advertiser,
    25 May 1937, page 20d.

    SA - Police - Biographies

    Biographical details of Inspector G.B. Scott are in the Register, 19 August 1865, page 2g.

    Biographical details of Commissioner W.J. Peterswald are in the Observer,
    24 March 1888, page 33b and
    an obituary in the Observer,
    5 September 1896, pages 15d-26a-41b.

    Biographical details of Colonel L.G. Madley, Commissioner of Police, are in the Observer,
    12 September 1896, pages 16a-24e,
    Register,
    30 December 1909, page 4h,
    24 March 1910, page 6h,
    10 January 1916, page 4g (obit.),
    of Inspector Richard Saunders in the Observer,
    29 July 1899, page 16d.

    Biographical details of Inspector Sullivan are in the Observer,
    5 November 1898, page 16d.
    "The Assault on Inspector Sullivan" is in the Register,
    14 and 27 November 1900, pages 4g and 5d.
    An interesting account of his service in the SA Police Force is in the Register,
    14 December 1903, page 5d,
    20 July 1904, page 3h; also see
    1 September 1904, page 7e.
    An obituary is in the Register,
    6 October 1905, page 7e.

    Biographical details of Sergeant Charles Irwin are in the Register,
    13 March 1899, page 4h,
    of Detective Sydney Jones on
    1 February 1901, page 4f.

    Biographical details of Detective Sydney James are in the Observer, 9 February 1901, page 30c.

    Biographical details of Constable J.C.H. Williams are in the Register,
    19 July 1901, page 5c,
    of G.L. Reed, Secretary to the Police Commissioner, on
    3 February 1902, page 5a.

    Biographical details of Sub-Inspector John Shaw are in the Register, 21 August 1899, page 5c,
    15 June 1904, page 7b,
    25 October 1904, page 5a
    (19 August 1909, page 4- obit.),
    of James D. Perry, a constable during the 1850s, in the Observer,
    4 April 1903, page 25a,
    of Sub-Inspector W.H. Raymond on
    2 January 1904, page 23d,
    Register,
    31 October 1908, page 9d.

    Biographical details of Sergeant Upton are in the Register,
    3 July 1903, page 5c,
    of Senior Constable Freeman on
    31 July 1903, page 5a,
    of Sub-Inspector Thomas Edwards on
    6 August 1903, page 5b.

    Biographical details of Sub-Inspectors A. Burchell and W.H. Raymond are in the Register,
    24 December 1903, page 5b;, also see
    28 December 1903, page 4h and
    31 March 1916, page 4f in respect of the latter,
    of Inspector Richard Saunders on
    18 February 1904, page 5a,
    1 July 1905, page 8g,
    of Corporal J. Beare on
    8 March 1904, page 5a,
    of Inspector Denis Sullivan and Sub-Inspector Field on
    1 July 1905, page 8g.

    Biographical details of Corporal Davidson are in the Register,
    3 October 1905, page 5b,
    of MC Donegan on
    5 May 1906, page 10f,
    of D. Nicholson on
    29 September 1906, page 7b,
    of Trooper Williams on
    26 November 1906, page 5b,
    of G. Sayers on
    29 March 1907, page 5c,
    of Sergeant Beare on
    23 April 1907, page 5b.

    Biographical details of Senior Constable William Williams are in the Register,
    18 October 1907, page 5a,
    of Sub-Inspector Deebert on
    11 October 1907, page 4h,
    9 January 1908, page 5b.

    Biographical details of William Clark and William Jamieson are in the Register,
    19 July 1909, page 6h,
    Observer,
    24 July 1909, page 32a,
    of Sub-Inspector Edwards on
    6 May 1916, page 20e,
    of Sub-Inspector F. Bennett on
    24 June 1916, page 28b,
    of "Mr Raymond", Commissioner of Police, on
    1 July 1916, page 32c,
    of Sergeant William Radford on
    8 July 1916, page 28d,
    of Sergeant W.T. Holmes on
    2 September 1916, page 28c,
    of Edward Allchurch on
    18 November 1916, page 22d,
    of Sergeant William Kelly and Inspector W.E. Rumball on
    7 July 1917, page 31a,
    of H.R. Segerlind on
    25 August 1917, page 28e,
    of Inspector A. Kelly on
    10 November 1917, page 29a.

    Biographical details of Sergeant Rumball are in the Register,
    14 January 1910, page 4i,
    of Sub-Inspector George Orr on
    18 November 1910, page 6g.

    Biographical details of G.L. Reed, Secretary to the Police Commissioner, are in the Register, 14 November 1912, page 12i.

    Biographical details of Corporal G.P. Morris are in the Register,
    19 August 1914, page 13e,
    of Inspector Bennett on
    21 June 1916, page 6h,
    of Inspector O. (D.?) Fraser on
    29 June 1916, page 5b,
    26 May 1921, page 7a,
    8 June 1921, page 7e,
    23 December 1921, page 6h,
    of Sergeant W.E. Wigg on
    3 and 22 July 1916, pages 4h and 8i,
    of Sergeant William Radford on
    3 July 1916, page 4h,
    of T.R. Nettle on
    8 July 1916, page 8h,
    of L von der Borch on
    1 August 1916, page 4h,
    of Sergeant William T. Holmes on
    26 August 1916, page 9a.

    Biographical details of Corporal G.P. Morris are in the Observer,
    22 August 1914, page 31e and
    an obituary on
    30 January 1915, page 41a.

    Biographical details of Edward Allchurch, a former police officer, are in the Register, 16 November 1916, page 4g.

    Biographical details of Edward Allchurch are in the Register,
    16 November 1916, page 4g and
    an obituary on
    13 April 1917, page 4i.

    Biographical details of Inspector Edwards is in the Register,
    4 May 1916, page 5c,
    of Superintendent E.W. Priest,
    Inspector John Kitson,
    H.A. Ring,
    secretary of the police department, Inspector O'Connor,
    Inspector, Beare,
    Inspector Fraser and
    Inspector Blake on
    23 June 1916, page 5b.
    In respect of E.W. Priest also see Register,
    26 may 1921, page 7a,
    11 June 1921, page 11e.

    Biographical details of H.A. Ring and L.C. Giles are in the Register,
    22 June 1917, page 5c,
    of T. Edwards, commissioner, on
    29 June 1917, page 5b,
    of Constable J.W. Baddams on
    30 June 1917, page 6h,
    of Sergeant William Kelly on
    3 July 1917, page 6g,
    of Inspector W.E. Rumball on
    3 July 1917, page 6h,
    of Inspector J. Kelly on
    2 November 1917, page 6g,
    of Detective Segerlind on
    9 November 1917, page 4f,
    of Sergeant James Murphy on
    29 June 1918, page 6i,
    of Constable G.G. Kerrison on
    30 September 1918, page 4g,
    of Sub-Inspector Blake on
    11 June 1919, page 6i,
    of Sergeant John Shanks on
    24 and 25 June 1919, pages 4f and
    6 (photograph),
    of Superintendent J.A. Pyne on
    26 May 1921, page 7a,
    of Imspector T.B. McCarthy on
    18 June 1921, page 10c.

    Biographical details of Inspector A. Kelly are in the Observer,
    10 November 1917, page 29a,
    of Sub-Inspector Benjamin Pethick on
    6 July 1918, page 28e,
    of Superintendent Duncan Fraser on
    28 May 1921, page 31c,
    11 June 1921, page 29e,
    of Superintendent E.W. Priest on
    28 May 1921, page 31c,
    18 June 1921, page 28c,
    of Sub-Inspector T.O. Mattin on
    9 June 1923, page 32b,
    of Inspector G.H. Horseman on
    14 August 1926, page 47e,
    of Sergeant R.A. Lenthall on
    5 May 1928, page 50b.

    Biographical details of Sergeant John Shanks are in the Observer,
    28 June 1919, page 30d,
    of Mounted Constable G.R. Ewens on
    12 July 1919, page 30c.

    Biographical details of Senior Constable J.T. Mullen are in the Register, 1 July 1919, page 6h.

    Biographical details of Inspector J. Opie are in the Register,
    8 December 1920, page 6i,
    of Sergeant E.S. Rose on
    3 January 1921, page 4f,
    of L.C. Giles, secretary to the commissioner, on
    31 January 1921, page 4g.

    Biographical details of Brigadier-General R.L. Leane are in the Express,
    13 May 1920, page 1d,
    Register,
    14, 15 and 19 May 1920, pages 7d, 11f and 11c,
    Register,
    30 April 1926, page 9d.

    Biographical details of Inspector Reilley are in the Register,
    15 May 1920, page 9b,
    of Inspector R.G. Birt on
    22 May 1920, page 9c,
    of Inspector James O'Sullivan on
    3 June 1920, page 6i,
    of L.C. Giles, secretary to police department, on
    17 June 1920, page 7e,
    of Inspector William Shegog on
    29 June 1920, page 4h,
    of Constable John Henderson on
    1 July 1920, page 7a.

    Biographical details of Sergeant A. Molloy are in the Register, 2 January 1922, page 6g.

    Biographical details of Superintendent Pyne and Inspectors O'Sullivan, Reiley and Donald Nicholson are in the Register,
    16 March 1922, page 6h,
    of Inspectors, R.G. Rix, J. Bond,
    Murphy,
    O'Connell' Giles,
    Nation,
    McGrath and
    Hanson,
    Detectives Noblett and
    Horseman on
    1 June 1922, page 7d.

    Biographical details of Sergeant P. Walsh are in the Register,
    30 May 1923, page 15d,
    1 June 1923, page 14d,
    of Sergeant T.O. Mattin on
    7 June 1923, page 6g.

    Biographical details of Sergeant A. Martin are in the Register,
    27 June 1924, page 8h,
    of Sergeant R.A. Barlow on
    2 October 1925, page 8g,
    of Sergeant H.A. Lenthall on
    1 May 1928, page 10g.

    Biographical details of Sergeant H.W. Hyde are in the Register,
    29 May 1926, page 11c,
    of Constable Arthur J. Smith on
    11 May 1927, page 10h,
    of Inspector H.E. Whittle on
    7 February 1929, page 5c,
    of Detective H. Allchurch on
    6 January 1930, page 3c.

    Biographical details of J.G. Buttfield are in the Advertiser, 25 January 1937, page 21a.