South Australia - Women

Industrial Relations

Also see South Australia - Industrial Relations.

Woman's Work - The Lower Classes as Seen in 1876

(Also see Geoffrey H. Manning, A Colonial Experience, Chapter 109)

Up until 1876 much had been written on the subject of woman - her rights and her capabilities for higher employment - than usually fell to her lot and education. Great mistakes had, undoubtedly, been made in the past, out of which sprang the many curious anomalies of the prevailing state of things - a state which threatened the comfort and well-being of society, generally, and which was felt keenly in most households. The higher education of woman was becoming a pleasing fact, but was considered to be of little benefit to the masses if her more humble, but essential, duties were ignored. Indeed, it was said that as 'every man should take upon himself the duties of a soldier, so woman, no matter what her station in life may be, should be capable of fulfilling all, even to the most disagreeable, duties of her establishment.' The following precised comment is quoted verbatim from the pen of a male reporter with, it appears, chauvinistic tendencies, if appraised through modern-day eyes:

The high rate of wages which prevails, combined with the scarcity of women servants, make mothers in the more humble paths of life perfectly indifferent as to their daughters' usefulness. They send them out, ignorant of the commonest work of the house, to ladies who, from necessity, are compelled to employ them, and have thus to teach them, besides paying them highly.

But no teaching will ever make up for the want of that early training of "line upon line, and precept upon precept." They learn unwillingly, if at all, what appears to them to be derogatory; and seldom do they make the most of the great advantages which might accrue to them from the service they despise.

So they make inefficient, unprofitable servants; and are, from their ignorance, extravagance, and inordinate fondness for dress, perfectly unfit to become wives of men of their station. It is early training which is wanted. Whilst girls are learning the ABC of school education, they need to have the rudiments of domestic usefulness instilled into their minds, and they should be impressed with the great importance of such knowledge.

Our colony is progressing healthily and working men soon acquire the means of making homes for themselves where, with prudence, good management and industry on the woman's side, they might, step by step, reach to competence and, indeed, as is often seen, to wealth and importance.

But where are the wives to come from. Not surely from amongst those young women who look upon legitimate domestic servant work as a degradation; and upon marriage merely as the way to escape from labour and servitude. The wages which so many of them seldom earn honestly they think but lightly of, and spend without a thought of the value they represent, or of the necessities which the future may bring - a habit easily acquired, but fatal to success in life.

Did most of the young women now in our homes but look back to the trials of their early years and remember the more than humble lots of their parents, they might learn to be ashamed of the painful contrast they, in their worthless feathers and furbelows, present by their side.

Surely training schools for useful domestic knowledge is one of the most imperative calls upon the community, and they would do much to put a stop to the sad exhibitions of childish aping in quite young girls of the tawdry appearance and flaunting manners of their elder sisters, and which keeps pace with the intolerable nuisance of larrikinism.

The colony swarms with children; and is it not time to put them in the way of gaining their bread honestly, and to teach them that real pride consists in doing well the work which may come to their hands? Where all are paid regardless of worth, what encouragement is there to the well-disposed to become proficient? What care the inferior class for improvement, so long as they get nearly the same remuneration as the superior one? Yet such is now the case to a very great extent. Is there no remedy for all this?

Will not our legislators help to lay a more secure foundation than now exists for the improvements and welfare of our rising generation, and by giving them early training, induce the girls to be sensible, modest and industrious, and the boys to grow up in manly helpfulness and loving kindness towards their weaker companions?

Women in Industry - In the Factories

By the 1870s many women were working in factories in Adelaide and its suburbs which, to some observers, were a breeding ground for vice and corruption:

It is not necessary to enlarge upon the various ways in which the ranks of street-walkers are replenished, but perhaps in South Australia there are special circumstances tending to promote this form of vice... The factory system now extending in this colony... is said already to be increasing the number of our social outcasts... The work is comparatively light and attracts a great number of young girls, who are thrown together without any effective moral supervision. Amongst so many there are pretty sure to be some of doubtful purity, whose example under the surroundings of factory life spreads contagion.

Understandably, this indictment raised a storm of protest within the community and the following week a letter from a correspondent was discussed in an editorial column:

That there are connected with the factories many young women of unimpeachable character 'fit to appear in the drawing rooms of the best in the land', we are ready to admit; but that does not alter the fact that there are others who are likely to remain on low wages, but who manage somehow to dress extravagantly, and who through the unwatched liberty accorded them are able to form doubtful intimacies which produce the most pernicious results.

The role of those men in society who, as the learned editor inferred, would lead these young women into 'temptation', and any suggestion of legal barriers and penalties to prevent 'exploitation' of the workers, was, sadly, conspicuous by its absence!

In 1878 it was the turn of John Darling, MP, to impeach the morality of women factory workers when he 'added the disgusting insinuation that they had to supplement their income by disreputable means.' His former servant was brought into his vilification in the House and she responded in kind through the press when she informed readers she was far better off in the factory at twenty shillings a week for eight hours a day labour than in his household at ten shillings and sixteen hours, respectively.

Another furore erupted in 1883 when the Adelaide City Council decided to debate the issue of juvenile morality and was adjudged as overstepping 'the reasonable limits of corporate wisdom' following remarks by councillor after councillor that the factories were the nurseries of vice and that:

It would be well to prohibit female work in factories altogether, as much for the sake of public morality and the right fitting of girls for the duties of married life as for the convenience of sorely pressed housekeepers who cannot get domestic servants...

The editor then proceeded to educate the offending councillors and said that available statistics suggested that the ranks of prostitution were filled primarily from domestic servants! Thus, the vagaries of the press became self-evident and even more so when he concluded:

But when mistresses write to the newspapers that the way to cure evils under which they groan is to give lower wages and less liberty, and when our civic representatives propose to close a large and valuable department of industry against women altogether, one begins to wonder whether for the moment common sense has not lost its way...

The finale of this sordid episode came when an article headed 'A Factory Girl's Experience - Related by Herself' appeared in June 1883. While it is apparent that the story had been 'ghosted' it, nevertheless, was a salutary response to all those 'goodie-goodies' in the community. It reads in part:

Have we lost the respect due to us as women, because we have to labour for a livelihood! Are there no black sheep among the butchers and publicans of Adelaide, and would it be fair to brand alike everyone pursuing these callings! Yet this is the only argument that these wise men have advanced against us. God forgive them!

At this time, the general attitude of the male sex towards female labour was exemplified in an exchange before a Royal Commission in England, in respect of the employment of women in the textile industry. The Chairman remarked to a witness representing the male trade union: 'Surely women have a right to live?' and the response came 'Yes, so long as they do not interfere with us.'

The reason for this opposition to women coming from their own class was patently obvious. Men sought to drive them from factory employment in the hope of increasing opportunities for themselves to labour and to raise the standard of wages by limiting the supply to that extent; this policy, however, was short-sighted. Women deserved a living and if they were not permitted to earn their own livelihood, any increase of wages resulting from the non-competition of women workers would have been more than exhausted in the maintenance of the male worker of a large number of economically dependent women.

Speaking generally, the hope for the future appeared to lie in raising the status of domestic duties, so that they could be performed by educated and refined women without loss of social prestige and in opening outside employment to all women who desired, or needed it, for economic independence.

Organisation of a Female Trade Union

The iniquities of the sweating system still seems to fail to arouse the public conscience sufficiently... There are women at this present moment [who] if they slave their hardest, morning, afternoon and night, from week's end to week's end, they cannot possibly make more than about 1s and 3d [12 cents] a day...

In December 1889 the Mayor of Adelaide, in response to a requisition, called a public meeting in the town hall for the purpose of considering the 'sweating' system in Adelaide, more especially as it affected women. At the meeting, Mary Lee, a long-time advocate for women's rights, proposed that those in attendance should request the United Trades and Labour Council to form a female trade union.

A woman signing herself 'Hopeful' expressed her pleasure at this significant foray into a previously male dominated regime:

Let us as true-hearted women try to stop this unjust competition going on in our midst, so that by-and-by we may be able to command a fair day's pay for a fair day's work; that we may be able to live, which we cannot do now, and look everyone in the face and say we owe no one anything. We the women workers will ever be indebted to those gentlemen who have moved in this matter for us, and I hope at some not far-distant time they may have a seat among our lawmakers.

In the March 1890 the female work force was invited to join the Working Women's Trade Union, its foundation members being Miss Mary Lee, Mrs Auguste Zadow and Mrs Agnes A. Milne. Mrs Zadow sat on the Trades and Labor Council and was one of two or three women who attended regularly at meetings. There was no factory legislation, nothing to protect women and children from working any number of hours and nothing on the Statute books protecting women from unfair and unjust conditions of employment.

Following the formation of the women's union a Commission was appointed to enquire into the conditions of factory life of which Mr C.C. Kingston was chairman. Mrs Zadow was one of the principal witnesses and, as a result, legislation was passed aimed at protect working women from sweated labour and, in general, to try to improve their working conditions.

Shortly thereafter it was decided to appoint a female inspector of factories and Mrs Zadow was chosen for the position. By 1891 one-third of all factory workers in South Australia were females and they were able to bring their complaints more freely before her, than when all the officials were men. Further, she was able to help in the correction of many wrongs such as excessive hours, bad conditions and lack of proper sanitation in the workplace.

A female resident of Norwood related the following informative tale in 1894:

Suddenly, she dropped a neatly-rolled parcel from her lap, which gave me the desired opportunity of picking it up, handing it to her, and striking up a conversation. She was a corset maker and lived with her mother and younger brother and lamented that she could not purchase some trifling delicacy for the latter, who was ill.

'Instead', she said, 'of paying me for my work, they sent it back to be altered, though I can't see any fault in it, and I'm sure the pay is little enough without having to do them twice over.'

'And how might you get paid for them?', I enquired.

'One shilling and a penny a dozen and out of that we have to find our own cotton and silk.'

'Of course, you are now speaking of the inferior class of goods, such as is worn by the very poor?'

'Oh, no', she exclaimed, in a tone of astonishment at my ignorance, 'they are what are sold in the West-End shops at 30 and 25 shillings a pair.'

'How many hours a day do you work to earn a livelihood?'

A faint smile passed over her features as she replied, 'Fourteen and fifteen; but, then, I could not earn enough to keep me if young friends did not call in of an evening and help me a little with the machine, for there are 36 rows of stitching in each, and each row is eleven inches long.'

'And what remuneration does that bring you in?'

'If I have nothing to hinder me, from 10d. to 1s 2d. Out of that I have to pay four pence for my fare, as well as find trimmings. But what makes it worse is having to lose four or five hours in going into the city after the work.'

I began to find myself wondering how long a human machine of such delicate construction as this child-woman would last under such conditions. We descended from the tramcar and, on her invitation, and prompted by curiosity, I entered her home. It was conspicuous for want of space, want of furniture, want of ventilation and want of most of the conveniences that go to make 'home' worthy of the name.

I found her mother to be an industrious respectable person, whose late husband had followed the sea and, in so doing, had come to an untimely end, leaving a widow and two children to mourn his loss. To support the family she went out as caretaker for families leaving Norwood and, by that and her needle, with what her daughter earned, was just able to keep the wolf from the door.

'Has my daughter been long at this business? Nearly two years, which has been long enough, I am sorry to say, to impair her health and unfit her for more profitable employment. But the work, hard as it is, we could put up with if they would only show a little more consideration for us. The heartlessness of these people must be experienced to be believed.'

'Ane who are the people who treat you in this way?'

'Jews, madam, in business in the city, and if we complain they treat us like dogs, and tell us they can get it done for less, or import them from Germany for what the material costs them here.'

Something like 'blood-sweaters' escaped me as I thought of the enormous profits wrung from these helpless creatures by such despicable apologies of manhood.

'Then, madam, there are the fines imposed for being late, though sometimes the trams are delayed through some obstruction on the road, and it is not our fault for being late. All these pence means so many loaves out of the cupboard and for weeks, especially in the slack time, we have nothing but a little weak tea and bread to subsist on.'

Here, I thought, as I took my departure, was a field open to some young member of parliament zealous for the righting of the wrongs of the oppressed poor. And surely, no more holy cause could be taken in hand.

Also see South Australia - Industrial Relations - Sweating

General Notes

A letter from "A Female Wages Slave" is in the Observer,
4 March 1854, page 5d.

"Employment of Educated Women" is in the Register,
7 April 1862, page 2g.

"Woman's Work" is in the Register,
26 August 1862, page 2f,
Advertiser,
21 March 1876, page 4e,
Chronicle,
25 March 1876, page 5e,
Observer,
12 March 1898, page 41a,
Register,
25 June 1910, page 14e,
The News,
19 October 1923, page 6e.

"Factory Girls" is in the Observer,
5 April 1873, page 12g; also see
Chronicle,
24 May 1873, page 3c,
Advertiser,
30 and 31 May 1878, pages 7a and 7a,
5 June 1878, page 3f,
Express,
1 June 1883, page 3f.

A poem titled "No Factory Girls Need Apply" is in the Register,
22 December 1875, page 5f.

A controversy over females' wages in factories is traversed in the Register,
31 May 1878, page 7b-c,
1, 3 and 4 June 1878, pages 7c, 6d and 7b.

"Some Social Aspects of Early Colonial Life" is in the Register,
26 October 1878, page 5f,
"Some Present Aspects of Colonial Life" is in the Register,
1 November 1878, page 6b.

"Factory Work v Domestic Service" is in the Register,
7 July 1882, page 6e.
Also see South Australia - Social Matters - Domestic Servants.

"Women of Business" is in the Observer,
11 November 1882, page 24e.

"Low Wages for Working Girls" is in the Register,
28 February 1883, page 6a,
Observer,
3 March 1883, page 38a.

A report on "Factory Girls and Immorality" in the Register on
30 May 1883, page 4g stirred up a hornet's nest as can be seen by subsequent comment on
31 May 1883, page 6b,
1 and 2 June 1883, pages 6e and 1g (supp.); on
4 June 1883, page 6b the charge was answered by one of the "accused" under the heading "A Factory Girl's Experience - Related By Herself":

Advertiser

"A Factory Girl's Experiences" is in the Observer,
9 June 1883, page 42c.

"Female Labour in South Australia" is in the Register,
9 November 1883, page 4d.

"Women Who Work" is in the Register,
15 July 1884, page 7e.

An interesting article headed "Our Place in the World" is in the Observer, 20 September 1884, page 41a:

In spite of the wonderful stirring up of the woman question all over the world and the opening of new careers to trained and capable women, there must be a majority of this class who look to marriage as their aim, and a small minority who seek to make themselves independent by other means.

An editorial on the employment of females in the public service is in the Advertiser,
15 May 1885, page 4f.

"The Hardships of Working Women" is in the Advertiser,
5 November 1889, page 7a,
24 and 28 December 1889, pages 3f and 4c,
2 January 1890, page 6b,
"The Sweating System and Female Labour" in the Chronicle,
14 December 1889, pages 4f-6c-9b,
"Sweated Girls" in the Advertiser,
31 March 1911, page 7e.
Also see South Australia - Industrial Relations - Sweating.

"Women's Trade Unions" is in the Express,
14 October 1889, page 2b,
"The Hard Lifes of Working Women" on
17 October 1889, page 3a; also see
15 January 1890, page 3f,
Register,
15 January 1890, pages 4g-6e,
19 February 1890, page 5c.

"The Organisation of Working Women" is in the Chronicle,
4 January 1890, page 18g,
"Trade Unionism for Women" on
18 January 1890, page 8e,
"Why Should Women Form Unions?" in the Express,
9 March 1891, page 3d.
An obituary of Mrs A. Zadow is in the Chronicle,
11 July 1896, page 18e; also see
Weekly Herald,
17 July 1896, page 1 (includes a photograph),
Express,
8 and 13 July 1896, pages 2g and 3d.

"Women's Trade Unions" is in the Observer,
18 January 1890, page 35a,
Advertiser,
5 and 11 February 1890, pages 7d and 7e.
A photograph and other information are in the Weekly Herald,
13 and 20 November 1896, pages 1-2a and 2a.

"Why Should Women Form Unions?" in the Express,
9 March 1891, page 3d.
An obituary of Mrs A. Zadow is in the Register,
9 and 13 July 1896, pages 6g and 7h,
Chronicle,
11 July 1896, page 18e;
also see Weekly Herald,
17 July 1896, page 1 (includes a photograph),
Express,
8 and 13 July 1896, pages 2g and 3d,
Register,
9 July 1906, page 6g.

"Women's Trade Unions" is in the Observer,
18 January 1890, page 35a, 14 and 21 March 1891, pages 8d and 30c,
Advertiser, 5 and 11 February 1890, pages 7d and 7e.
A photograph and other information are in the Weekly Herald,
13 and 20 November 1896, pages 1-2a and 2a.

The following is an extract from Geoffrey H. Manning's, A Colonial Experience:

Organisation of a Female Trade Union

I have been waiting for two years hoping that something might be done and wishing I could in some way help my fellow workers, for from bitter experience I have proved many of the statements [made] as to the low prices we get for our work. Work is no disgrace, there is a dignity in labour; and in forming our union we want all to understand that it is defence not defiance. We want to work together as women for the mutual good of all... Let us as true-hearted women try to stop this unjust competition going on in our midst, so that by-and-by we may be able to command a fair day's pay for a fair day's work; that we may be able to live, which we cannot do now, and look everyone in the face and say we owe no one anything. We the women workers will ever be indebted to those gentlemen who have moved in this matter for us, and I hope at some not far-distant time they may have a seat among our lawmakers.

"Distress Among Women" is in the Express,
24 and 29 June 1893, pages 6b and 4a,
1, 5, 11, 17 and 31 July 1893, pages 3h, 2g, 3h, 3f and 3g,
1 and 15 August 1893, pages 3g and 3e,
3 October 1893, page 3f.

"Help for Women Out of Work" is in the Register,
24 June 1893, page 7e,
11, 15, 17, 20, 24 and 31 July 1893, pages 7f, 5a, 3f, 5d, 6d and 7f,
15 and 22 August 1893, pages 7g and 7g,
18, 19 and 25 September 1893, pages 6h, 5g and 7g.

"Distress Among Women" is in the Advertiser,
24 June 1893, page 7f,
1 and 11 July 1893, pages 6h and 6f.

"Working in a Public Laundry" is in the Advertiser,
9 and 10 January 1894, pages 6a and 6g,
"Female Labor" in the Chronicle,
2 June 1894, page 18c.

Information on a lady assistants' union is in the Express,
23 February 1895, page 4d.

Information on and a photograph of Mrs Agnes A. Milne, Inspector of Factories, are in the Weekly Herald,
6 August 1897, page 1.

"Women Who Work" is in the Observer,
12 March 1898, page 41a,
"Women's Present Position in Industrial Life" is in the Weekly Herald,
8 July 1899, page 8a.

Information on and photographs of Miss F. Gapper and Mrs A. Marshall are in the Weekly Herald,
21 October 1899, page 1.
A photograph and an obituary of Mrs Annie Gapper appears on
3 August 1901, page 1.

"Factories and Fashions" is in the Register,
20 July 1900, page 4d.

Information on a Working Girls' Club is in the Weekly Herald,
22 June 1901, page 7b; also see
Express,
20 August 1901, page 2c,
Advertiser,
4 November 1901, page 9c.

The formation of a typists' guild is reported upon in the Register,
11 December 1902, page 4g.
"Women Typists" is in The News,
28 September 1926, page 12c,
"Girls Will be Typists" is in the Advertiser,
29 January 1932, page 18g,
"The Fate of Women Workers" is in the Register,
5 August 1904, page 4c,
"Factory Work" on 1 October 1904, page 10e.

"The Wail of the New Woman" is in the Register,
2 September 1905, page 4d.

"In Defence of Lady Clerks" is in the Register,
11 and 16 August 1905, pages 4g and 4f,

Information on the Women Employees' Mutual Association is in The Herald,
11 November 1905, page 4c.

"Women as Trade Unionists" is in The Herald,
30 September 1905, page 10a,
"Women's Influence" is in the Advertiser,
18 September 1905, page 6b,
"Factory Girls" on
18 October 1905, page 5f.

"An Appeal to Lady Clerks" is in the Advertiser,
16 August 1905, page 4e.
"In Defence of Lady Clerks" is in the Register,
11 and 16 August 1905, pages 4g and 4f,
"An Appeal to Lady Clerks" in the Express,
16 August 1905, page 4f;
also see Register, 29 June 1907, page 11f.

Information on the Women Employees' Mutual Association is in The Herald,
11 November 1905, page 4c.

Information on "The First Factories Inspectress" is in the Advertiser,
9 July 1906, page 6g; also see
The Herald,
14 July 1906, page 3a.

"Australian Women's Work" is in the Advertiser,
25 February 1907, page 4d,
"Exhibition of Women's Work" on 13 May 1907, page 11b,
24 October 1907, page 7e.

A photograph of executive members of the Women's Work Exhibition is in the Observer,
24 August 1907, page 29; also see
31 August 1907.

"Factory Girls on Strike" is in the Express,
27 April 1908, page 1f,
2 July 1908, page 4g,
Advertiser,
28 April 1908, page 6g,
"Organizing the Women Workers" on
31 October 1908, page 13b.

A photograph and an obituary of Alice Holman are in The Herald,
15 August 1908, page 9.

"Women and Their Work" is in the Register,
7 December 1908, page 4d,
Advertiser,5 November 1909, page 6c.

"Women Workers" is in the Register,
5 August 1909, page 5a.

"Man and Woman - Should They be Paid Alike" is in the Register,
30 October 1909, page 9h,
"Sex Rivalry - Competition of Women" on
2 and 6 December 1909, pages 8h and 8f.

"Women's Work - Demanding a Just Reward - Plea for and to the Sex" is in the Advertiser,
1 December 1909, page 12f.

"Women v Men - What Business Men Think" is in the Observer,
25 December 1909, page 24d.

"Around the Factories - The Girls at Work" is in the Advertiser,
6 January 1910, page 10b,
"The Lot of the Working Girl - In the Factories During a Heat Wave" on
22 February 1910, page 9g.

"Woman's Work" is in the Register on
25 June 1910, page 14e,
"Women and Work" on
8 July 1911, page 14e.

"Women's Labor" is in the Advertiser,
5 June 1911, page 8d,
"Wives as Wage Earners" on
1 September 1911, page 6e.

"Demand for Workers - Where Are the Factory Girls?" is in the Register,
22 February 1912, page 5b;
also see 16 March 1912, page 8a.

"Women and Wages" is in the Register,
8 February 1913, page 14d.

"Equal Pay for Equal Work" is in the Advertiser,
2 May 1913, page 8e,
"Equal Pay for Sexes" is in the Register,
7 September 1918, page 9a.
"Equal Efficiency and Equal Pay" is in theObserver,
7 September 1929, page 53a.

"Flappers in Factories - Must Keep Their Hair Up" is in the Advertiser,
11 February 1915, page 9c,
"Bobbed Hair" on
19 September 1924, page 10g,
"Shingled or Bobbed" on
14 February 1925, page 15b.

"Future of Girls - An Economic Problem" is in the Express,
19 June 1916, page 4e.

"Woman Workers" is in the Register on
18 January 1912, page 4d,
"Woman's Work and Pay" in the Advertiser,
1 November 1917, page 4f.

"Women in Business - While Men Are at War" is in the Register,
24 and 28 February 1916, pages 5c and 7e.
Also see South Australia - World War I - Women and the War.

"The Women Workers' Future" is in the Register,
8 July 1916, page 12c.

"Women's Work" is in the Register,
10 August 1916, page 4b.

"The Future of Women" is in the Register,
17 August 1916, page 9d.

"Women, Work and Wages is in the Register,
25 April 1918, page 4d.

"What Should Dress Cost - Telephone Girls and Their Clothes" is in the Observer,
28 December 1918, page 13e.

"Women's Work and Payment" is in the Observer,
19 April 1919, page 29d,
"Living Wage for Women" is in the Express,
31 July 1919, page 2g,
"Women and Wages" in the Register,
1 September 1919, page 6c,
"Life for Women and Industry" on
26 May 1920, page 6f,
"Protest Against Female Labour" on
24 June 1920, page 6f.

"Employment in Civil Service - A Word for the Girls" is in the Observer,
7 June 1919, page 40e.

"Girls and Home Life" is in theRegister,
17 December 1919, page 6d.

"Women and Work - Their Local Advancement" is in the Observer,
26 February 1921, page 43e,
"Women's Work" in the Advertiser,
10 September 1921, page 12c.

"Women and Work" is in theRegister,
12 February 1921, page 8a.

"Women and Dress - Bizarre Industry" is in the Express,
6 April 1921, page 2e.

"Wage for Women" is in the Register,
3 August 1921, page 4f.

"Women of the Future - Better Administrators than Men - But Motherhood Still the First Claim" is in the Advertiser,
18 March 1922, page 15f.

"An Appeal to the Girls", an attempt to entice them to work in the country, is in the Advertiser,
20, 24, 26, 27 and 30 May 1922, pages 10h, 11a, 13f, 14e and 10e.

A clothing trade dispute is discussed in the Register,
22 and 29 August 1922, pages 7b and 7d.

"Equal Pay for Men and Women" is in the Register,
3 April 1923, page 6e,
"Sex in Industry - Clerks Perturbed by Competition" on 10, 11 and 12 February 1926, pages 11a, 9d and 8c.

"Women Clerks - Equal Payment Question" is in the Observer,
13 February 1926, page 27a,
"Equal Pay for Equal Work" in The Mail,
16 June 1928, page 16e,
"Equal Pay and Same Conditions" in theAdvertiser,
25 May 1933, page 8h,
"Women's Work and Pay" on 16 August 1934, page 8c.

"Women in Industry" is in the Advertiser,
11 August 1923, page 19g,
The News,
28 September 1923, page 8b,
21 September 1926, page 4e,
14 June 1928, page 10c,
Observer,
11 December 1926, page 31a,
Advertiser,
31 January 1928, page 8d,
18 January 1934, page 12d.

"Female Delicacy Modernized" is in the Register,
16 September 1924, pages 8d-9d.

"South Australia Leads - Reforms and Women's Rights" is in The News,
24 January 1925, page 6e,
"Adelaide Women in Industry" on
16 February 1925, page 5b.

"Commercial Girl - How To Apply for a Position" is in The News,
2 July 1925, page 6f.

"Women Discard Needles - Replacing Office Boys" is in The News,
3 and 11 November 1925, pages 4c and 1f,
"Marriage and Careers" on
20 January 1926, page 4b,
"Women in Business Life" on
12 February 1926, page 6c:

The News

"Women Clerks - Equal Payment Question" is in the Observer,
13 February 1926, page 27a,
"Equal Pay for Equal Work" in The Mail,
16 June 1928, page 16e,
"Equal Pay and Same Conditions" in the Advertiser,
25 May 1933, page 8h,
"Women's Work and Pay" on
16 August 1934, page 8c.

"Women Typists" is in The News,
28 September 1926, page 12c.

A series of weekly articles on "Careers for Women" commences in The News
on 10 January 1927, page 3d.

"Women in Offices - Chance of Marriage Lessened" is in The News,
17 November 1926, page 11g.
Also see Social Matters - Marriage.

"Women in Industry - Miss Margaret Lade's Experience" is in the Register,
30 November 1926, page 4d.

"Mrs H. Darnley Naylor on the Women's Movement" is in the Register,
7 December 1926, page 4c.

A photograph of "girls in Adelaide factory" is in the Register,
12 March 1928, page 12.

"Women in the Labour Movement [Miss E.R. Hanretty]" is in the Observer,
4 August 1928, page 60d.

"Pharmacy Interesting Career for Women" is in the Register,
15 January 1929, page 4d.

"Women's Right to Work" is in the Register,
28 November 1929, page 6c.

"Woman Chartered Accountant [Miss G. Siebert]" is in the Register,
10 October 1930, page 23c.

"The Law and the Woman" is in the Register,
26 November 1930, page 6c.

"Round the Clock With Miss Adelaide" is in The News,
15 September 1931, page 14d.

"Women Are Displacing Men in Factory and Office" is in The Mail,
24 September 1932, page 6e.

"Women Versus Men is Provocative Issue" is in The News,
20 January 1934, page 4d.

"Earliest Girl Clerks" is in the Advertiser,
8 January 1936, page 21a,
11 February 1936, page 19b.

"Problem of Married Women and Work" is in The News,
3 July 1936, page 6d,
9 September 1936, page 1c,
"Married Women and Employment" is in the Advertiser,
12 September 1936, page 28d,
"Women and Wages" on
26 September 1936, page 22c.

Women - Choose again

South Australia - Women

See Also:

Industrial Relations

Woman's Work - The Lower Classes as Seen in 1876

Women in Industry - In the Factories

Organisation of a Female Trade Union

General Notes

Organisation of a Female Trade Union